2. AP Biology 2007-2008 The Chemistry of Life

3. AP Biology Why are we studying chemistry? Chemistry is the foundation of Biology

4. AP Biology ProtonNeutronElectron Hydrogen 1 proton 1 electron Oxygen 8 protons 8 neutrons 8 electrons +0–  Everything is made of matter  Matter is made of atoms

5. AP Biology The World of Elements C Different kinds of atoms = elements H ON PSNa K Mg Ca

6. AP Biology Life requires ~25 chemical elements  About 25 elements are essential for life  Four elements make up 96% of living matter: carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N)  Four elements make up most of remaining 4%: phosphorus (P) calcium (Ca) sulfur (S) potassium (K)

7. AP Biology Bonding properties  Effect of electrons  electrons determine chemical behavior of atom  depends on number of electrons in atom’s outermost shell  valence shell How does this atom behave?

8. AP Biology Bonding properties  Effect of electrons  chemical behavior of an atom depends on number of electrons in its valence shell What’s the magic number? How does this atom behave?

9. AP Biology Elements & their valence shells Elements in the same row have the same number of shells Moving from left to right, each element has a sequential addition of electrons (& protons)

10. AP Biology Elements & their valence shells Elements in the same column have the same valence & similar chemical properties Remember some food chains are built on reducing O to H 2 O & some on reducing S to H 2 S

11. AP Biology – – – Chemical reactivity  Atoms tend to  complete a partially filled valence shell or  empty a partially filled valence shell This tendency drives chemical reactions… and creates bonds

12. AP Biology – – H 2 (hydrogen gas) Covalent bond Bonds in Biology  Weak bonds  hydrogen bonds  attraction between + and –  hydrophobic & hydrophilic interactions  interaction with H 2 O  Ionic  Strong bonds  covalent bonds Hydrogen bond H2OH2O H2OH2O

13. AP Biology Covalent bonds  Why are covalent bonds strong bonds?  two atoms share a pair of electrons  both atoms holding onto the electrons  very stable  Forms molecules – – H 2 (hydrogen gas) H — H H 2 O (water) H H Oxygen H H O

14. AP Biology Covalent Bonds  Video Video

15. AP Biology Multiple covalent bonds  2 atoms can share >1 pair of electrons  double bonds  2 pairs of electrons  triple bonds  3 pairs of electrons  Very strong bonds H H–C–H H – – More is better!

16. AP Biology Nonpolar covalent bond  Pair of electrons shared equally by 2 atoms  example: hydrocarbons = C x H x  methane (CH 4 ) balanced, stable, good building block

17. AP Biology H H Oxygen Polar covalent bonds  Pair of electrons shared unequally by 2 atoms  example: water = H 2 O  oxygen has stronger “attraction” for the electrons than hydrogen  oxygen has higher electronegativity  water is a polar molecule  + vs – poles  leads to many interesting properties of water… + + – – – –

18. AP Biology Ionic Bonds (Video)Video  Electron(s) shared unequally by two atoms  Very weak bond  Example: salt = NaCl  Chlorine “steals” electron from sodium  Results in two ions Na + and Cl -

19. AP Biology Hydrogen bonding  Polar water creates molecular attractions  attraction between positive H in one H 2 O molecule to negative O in another H 2 O  also can occur wherever an -OH exists in a larger molecule  Weak bond  But strong when there are lots of them Let’s go to the videotape! H O H

20. AP Biology Group Questions  What would be the effect on an atom if the number of protons of the atom were changed?  A. The ionic charge would change  B. The pH would increase  C. The pH would decrease  D. An isotope of the atom would be created  E. The atom would change to an atom of a different element

21. AP Biology Group Questions  What would be the effect on an atom if the number of neutrons of the atom were changed?  A. The ionic charge would change  B. The pH would increase  C. The pH would decrease  D. An isotope of the atom would be created  E. The atom would change to an atom of a different element

22. AP Biology Group Questions  What would be the effect on an atom if the number of electrons of the atom were changed?  A. The ionic charge would change  B. The pH would increase  C. The pH would decrease  D. An isotope of the atom would be created  E. The atom would change to an atom of a different element

23. AP Biology 2007-2008 Chemistry of Life Properties of Water

24. AP Biology More about Water Why are we studying water? All life occurs in water  inside & outside the cell All life occurs in water  inside & outside the cell

25. AP Biology Chemistry of water (Video)Video  H 2 O molecules form H-bonds with each other  +H attracted to –O  creates a sticky molecule

26. AP Biology Elixir of Life  Special properties of water 1.cohesion & adhesion  surface tension, capillary action 2.good solvent  many molecules dissolve in H 2 O  hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic 3.lower density as a solid  ice floats! 4.high specific heat  water stores heat 5.high heat of vaporization  heats & cools slowly Ice! I could use more ice!

27. AP Biology 1. Cohesion & Adhesion Try that with flour… or sugar…  Cohesion  H bonding between H 2 O molecules  water is “sticky”  surface tension  drinking straw  Adhesion  H bonding between H 2 O & other substances  capillary action  meniscus  water climbs up paper towel or cloth

28. AP Biology How does H 2 O get to top of trees? Transpiration is built on cohesion & adhesion Let’s go to the videotape! videotape

29. AP Biology 2. Water is the solvent of life  Polarity makes H 2 O a good solvent  polar H 2 O molecules surround + & – ions  solvents dissolve solutes creating solutions

30. AP Biology What dissolves in water?  Hydrophilic  substances have attraction to H 2 O  polar or non-polar?

31. AP Biology What doesn’t dissolve in water?  Hydrophobic  substances that don’t have an attraction to H 2 O  polar or non-polar? fat (triglycerol) Oh, look hydrocarbons!

32. AP Biology 3. The special case of ice  Most (all?) substances are more dense when they are solid, but not water…  Ice floats!  H bonds form a crystal And this has made all the difference!

33. AP Biology Ice floats

34. AP Biology Why is “ice floats” important?  Oceans & lakes don’t freeze solid  surface ice insulates water below  allowing life to survive the winter  if ice sank…  ponds, lakes & even oceans would freeze solid  in summer, only upper few inches would thaw  seasonal turnover of lakes  sinking warm H 2 O cycles nutrients in autumn

35. AP Biology 4. Specific heat  H 2 O resists changes in temperature  high specific heat  takes a lot to heat it up  takes a lot to cool it down  H 2 O moderates temperatures on Earth

36. AP Biology Specific heat & climate

37. AP Biology 5. Heat of vaporization Evaporative cooling Organisms rely on heat of vaporization to remove body heat

38. AP Biology Ionization of water & pH  Water ionizes  H + splits off from H 2 O, leaving OH –  if [H + ] = [ - OH], water is neutral  if [H + ] > [ - OH], water is acidic  if [H + ] < [ - OH], water is basic  pH scale  how acid or basic solution is  1  7  14 H 2 O  H + + OH –

39. AP Biology pH Scale 10 –1 H + Ion Concentration Examples of Solutions Stomach acid, Lemon juice 1 pH 10 0 Hydrochloric acid0 10 –2 2 10 –3 Vinegar, cola, beer 3 10 –4 Tomatoes 4 10 –5 Black coffee, Rainwater 5 10 –6 Urine, Saliva 6 10 –7 Pure water, Blood 7 10 –8 Seawater 8 10 –9 Baking soda 9 10 –10 Great Salt Lake 10 10 –11 Household ammonia 11 10 –12 Household bleach 12 10 –13 Oven cleaner 13 10 –14 Sodium hydroxide14 tenfold change in H+ ions pH1  pH2 10 -1  10 -2 10 times less H + pH8  pH7 10 -8  10 -7 10 times more H + pH10  pH8 10 -10  10 -8 100 times more H +

40. AP Biology 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 Amount of base added Buffering range 452 pH Buffers & cellular regulation  pH of cells must be kept ~7  pH affects shape of molecules  shape of molecules affect function  pH affects cellular function  Control pH by buffers  reservoir of H +  donate H+ when [H + ] falls  absorb H+ when [H + ] rises

41. AP Biology 2007-2008 He’s gonna earn a Darwin Award! Do one brave thing today…then run like hell! Any Questions?

42. AP Biology Group Questions  1. Sugar and CO2 are dissolved in water to make soft drinks. Which of the following is the solute?  A. Only the water  B. only thee CO2  C. only the sugar  D. both the sugar and the CO2  E. both the sugar and the water

43. AP Biology Group Questions  Two atoms with strongly unequal electronegativity would most likely form  A. an ionic bond  B. a hydrogen bond  C. a polar covalent bond  D. a nonpolar covalent bond  E. a radioactive molecule

44. AP Biology Group Questions  When water evaporates from the surface of a pond, what happens to the remaining liquid water?  A. the surface water cools  B. the surface water warms  C. the surface water temp. remains unchanged  D. the amount of energy stored in water molecules remaining in the pond increases  E. the pH of the remaining water decreases

45. AP Biology Group Questions  Which property of water is responsible for its movement through filter paper?  A. strong adhesion  B. Strong cohesion  C. High surface tension  D. Hydrophobic property  E. High heat capacity

46. AP Biology Group Questions  Which property of water is responsible for the effectiveness of sweating as a thermoregulatory mechanism in humans?  A. strong adhesion  B. Strong cohesion  C. High surface tension  D. Hydrophobic property  E. High heat capacity