1. Chapter 9 Cell Processes

2. I.Chemistry of Life A. The Nature of Matter -Everything in your environment is made up of matter – anything that has mass and takes up space -Energy can hold matter together or break it apart.

3. 1.Atoms a) Protons – positively charged particles b) Neutrons – neutrally charged particles c) Electrons – negatively charged particles

4. 2. Elements – when something is made up of only 1 type of atom a) 6 elements make up 99% of living matter – S, P, O, N, C, & H

5. 3. Compounds – made up of 2 or more elements in exact proportions a) Molecular compounds – occur when different atoms share the outermost electrons -molecule – a group of atoms held together by energy b) Ionic compound – occur when ions of opposite charges attract to one another to form electrically neutral compounds

6. 4. Mixture – combination of substances in which individual substances retain their own properties

7. B. Organic Compounds 1. Organic Compounds – compounds that always contain hydrogen and carbon and usually are associated with living things a) Carbohydrates – organic molecules that supply energy for cell processes - ex. Sugars, starch, cellulose

8. b) Lipids – organic compounds that store and release even more energy than carbohydrates -ex. Oils, butter, phospholipids c) Proteins – organic compounds made up of amino acids and are the building blocks of many structures in organisms -ex. Meats, eggs, and nuts -enzymes – proteins that regulate chemical reactions in cells

9. d) Nucleic Acids – organic compounds that store important coded information in cells. -ex. DNA & RNA

10. C. Inorganic Compounds 1. Inorganic Compounds – compounds made from elements other than carbon - ex. Water & hydrochloric acid

11. II.Moving Cellular Materials -The Cell Membrane controls what materials enter and exit the cell. -Selectively Permeable- allowing some materials to pass through while keeping others out

12. A. Passive Transport – the movement of substances through a cell membrane without the use of energy 1. Diffusion – the random movement of molecules from an area where there is relatively more to an area where there is relatively few. a) equilibrium – when the number of molecules in one area is relatively equal to the next area

13. 2. Osmosis – the diffusion of water through a cell membrane 3. Facilitated Diffusion – larger molecules are helped into the cell with the help of proteins called transport proteins. Link to Celery/Potato Slic Lab Worksheet Link to Model Cell Lab Worksheet Link to Diffusion/Osmosis Practice Problems Link to Diffusion in Cells worksheet

14. B. Active Transport -Active Transport – when an input of energy is required to move materials through a cell membrane 1. Endocytocis – the process of taking a substance into a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane 2. Exocytosis – the process of taking a substance out of a cell

15. III.Energy for Life A. Trapping and Using Energy -metabolism – the total of all chemical reactions in an organism -the chemical reactions of metabolism need enzymes

16. 1. Photosynthesis – producers use light energy to make sugars, which can be used as food a) Occurs in the chloroplasts in plant cells. b) CO 2 + H 2 O + light → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 (Carbon Dioxide + Water + light energy →Sugar + Oxygen) c) Producers make more energy than they need. They store the excess as starches or carbohydrates.

17. 2. Respiration – chemical reactions occur that break down food molecules into simpler substances and release energy. a) Starts in the cytoplasm, then takes place in the mitochondria b) C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 →energy + CO 2 + H 2 O (Sugar + Oxygen→mechanical energy + carbon dioxide + water) c) Occurs in all organisms. Link to CO2 indicator lab wsLink to Plant Photosynthesis and Respiration Lab ws

18. 3. Fermentation – process where cells release energy from sugar when there is not enough oxygen a) occurs in the cytoplasm b) creates some energy and produces wastes – lactic acid, alcohol, or carbon dioxide