1. 1865-1917 Foreign Affairs Imperialism

2. More interest in World Affairs Need for new markets Need for new markets Fear of need for more resources Fear of need for more resources American industries abroad…(lower wages= more $) American industries abroad…(lower wages= more $) Growth of trade = an interest in World Affairs: Growth of trade = an interest in World Affairs: Some wanted colonies Some wanted colonies Some wanted world power status Some wanted world power status Some wanted to teach the American Way Some wanted to teach the American Way

3. Expansionism Manifest Destiny still worked Manifest Destiny still worked Social Darwinism still applied Social Darwinism still applied Now: White Man’s Burden too Now: White Man’s Burden too Colonies would expand markets; stimulate U.S. trade Colonies would expand markets; stimulate U.S. trade By 19 th Century: Europe controlled 1/3 of the world By 19 th Century: Europe controlled 1/3 of the world By WWII, 85% By WWII, 85%

4. Supporting Literature Westward Expansion Westward Expansion Romance of the West Romance of the West Wister, Twain Wister, Twain Scholarly: The Turner Thesis Scholarly: The Turner Thesis Imperialism Imperialism Mahan The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: as our navy grows, so does the need for colonies as coaling stations Mahan The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: as our navy grows, so does the need for colonies as coaling stations

5. Expansion v Imperialism Louisiana Purchase…….Alaska Louisiana Purchase…….Alaska Texas annexation…………..Hawaii Texas annexation…………..Hawaii Mexican American War……Spanish-Am. War Mexican American War……Spanish-Am. War Both: Manifest Destiny & Social Darwinism

6. Alaska 1867 William Seward (Seward’s Folly) 1867 William Seward (Seward’s Folly) Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.5 million Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.5 million 2 cents an acre 2 cents an acre Seal furs, gold, other minerals, oil, natural gas Seal furs, gold, other minerals, oil, natural gas Naval bases (later air bases) Naval bases (later air bases) 49 th State 49 th State

7. Conflict with Britain over Alaska U.S. v Canadian seal hunters U.S. v Canadian seal hunters Both agreed to arbitrate Both agreed to arbitrate U.S. Lost $500,000 in damages U.S. Lost $500,000 in damages Boundary agreement reached before 1898 gold was found Boundary agreement reached before 1898 gold was found Much later int’l restrictions on seal hunting: U.S., Britain, Russia, Japan Much later int’l restrictions on seal hunting: U.S., Britain, Russia, Japan

8. Hawaii Late 1700’s…was used by Americans as a stop for water and supplies Late 1700’s…was used by Americans as a stop for water and supplies Later: missionaries, traders, shopkeepers Later: missionaries, traders, shopkeepers By mid 19 th Century over ½ of native population had died (disease, firearms, liqueur) By mid 19 th Century over ½ of native population had died (disease, firearms, liqueur) By 1854 U.S. citizens in Hawaii only 5% of population but controlled most of the land By 1854 U.S. citizens in Hawaii only 5% of population but controlled most of the land Others there: Chinese, Japanese, British, German, Portuguese Others there: Chinese, Japanese, British, German, Portuguese

9. U.S. Agreement with Hawaii Treaty of Reciprocity: Treaty of Reciprocity: Hawaiian sugar to the U.S. duty free Hawaiian sugar to the U.S. duty free U.S. could use Pearl Harbor as a naval base U.S. could use Pearl Harbor as a naval base Hawaii agreed not to yield its territory to other countries Hawaii agreed not to yield its territory to other countries Hawaiian economy tied to sugar exports Hawaiian economy tied to sugar exports THEN…disaster!...McKinley Tariff THEN…disaster!...McKinley Tariff

10. Hawaii continued McKinley Tariff cost Islands $12 million McKinley Tariff cost Islands $12 million American planters in Hawaii passed the losses on to Hawaiian native laborers American planters in Hawaii passed the losses on to Hawaiian native laborers 1891 Queen Liliuokalani challenged growing American control 1891 Queen Liliuokalani challenged growing American control Took power from King Kalakauna who allowed Americans to take the Island from Hawaiians Took power from King Kalakauna who allowed Americans to take the Island from Hawaiians

11. Hawaii continued American planters wanted to be rid of the queen American planters wanted to be rid of the queen 1893 A Revolution…caused by American planters pretended that it was a popular revolt 1893 A Revolution…caused by American planters pretended that it was a popular revolt 1898 Leaders of the revolt asked U.S. to annex islands (If U.S. owned…no sugar tariff) 1898 Leaders of the revolt asked U.S. to annex islands (If U.S. owned…no sugar tariff) Cleveland saw through it and tried to restore the queen Cleveland saw through it and tried to restore the queen McKinley agreed to annex the Islands McKinley agreed to annex the Islands

12. Other Pacific Islands By 1900 U.S. had acquired over 50 Pacific Islands By 1900 U.S. had acquired over 50 Pacific Islands 1867 Midway 1867 Midway 1898 Wake 1898 Wake 1878 Samoa…3000 miles south of Hawaii 1878 Samoa…3000 miles south of Hawaii 1889 Pago Pago: Samoan harbor was shared in a tripartite with Germany and Britain 1889 Pago Pago: Samoan harbor was shared in a tripartite with Germany and Britain By 1899 U.S. and Germany bought Brits out By 1899 U.S. and Germany bought Brits out

13. China By 1790’s U.S. had established trade with China By 1790’s U.S. had established trade with China Missionaries, Schools, hospitals, friendly Missionaries, Schools, hospitals, friendly 1844 Treaty of Wanghia: Americans enjoyed special trading privileges 1844 Treaty of Wanghia: Americans enjoyed special trading privileges Soon, so did everyone else Soon, so did everyone else Other countries encroaching on Chinese Territory…formed Spheres of Influence Other countries encroaching on Chinese Territory…formed Spheres of Influence

14. China continued China could not defend itself China could not defend itself Britain in Hong Kong Britain in Hong Kong French in Indochina French in Indochina Russia and Japan in Manchuria Russia and Japan in Manchuria Also others in China: Portuguese, Germany, etc Also others in China: Portuguese, Germany, etc U.S. concerned about trade U.S. concerned about trade

15. China continued Chinese to U.S. to build Railroads Chinese to U.S. to build Railroads 1868 Anson-Burlingame Treaty: to aid in moving Chinese RR workers to come to U.S. 1868 Anson-Burlingame Treaty: to aid in moving Chinese RR workers to come to U.S. 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: No more Chinese immigrants to U.S. and the Chinese already in U.S. could not become naturalized citizens 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: No more Chinese immigrants to U.S. and the Chinese already in U.S. could not become naturalized citizens

16. China continued 1894 Japan made war on China 1894 Japan made war on China Took Formosa Took Formosa Demanded Korea’s independence Demanded Korea’s independence Other countries expanded spheres Other countries expanded spheres U.S. alarmed (trade) U.S. alarmed (trade) John Hay (McKinley’s Sec of State) issued Open Door Notes: Asked all countries involved in China to respect Chinese Territorial integrity: the Open Door Policy…ignored John Hay (McKinley’s Sec of State) issued Open Door Notes: Asked all countries involved in China to respect Chinese Territorial integrity: the Open Door Policy…ignored

17. China Note: The Open Door Policy was a revolutionary departure from traditional U.S. isolationist policy Note: The Open Door Policy was a revolutionary departure from traditional U.S. isolationist policy 1901 Boxer Rebellion: Young Chinese formed a secret underground society “the Boxers” committed to ousting foreigners. 1901 Boxer Rebellion: Young Chinese formed a secret underground society “the Boxers” committed to ousting foreigners. Killed hundreds of foreigners, destroyed much foreign-owned property Killed hundreds of foreigners, destroyed much foreign-owned property

18. Boxer Rebellion 900 foreigners held out waiting for rescue for 7 weeks 900 foreigners held out waiting for rescue for 7 weeks Herbert Hoover (American self-made millionaire in China working on a dam project. He was an engineer) Herbert Hoover (American self-made millionaire in China working on a dam project. He was an engineer) International military force who had citizens in China invaded and defeated the Boxers International military force who had citizens in China invaded and defeated the Boxers All but U.S. demanded reparations from Chinese government All but U.S. demanded reparations from Chinese government

19. Japan Historically shut off from the rest of the world Historically shut off from the rest of the world Isolationist: allowed only one Dutch per year to trade Isolationist: allowed only one Dutch per year to trade Emperor did not allow citizens to leave islands Emperor did not allow citizens to leave islands American wanted trade, Supplies, Fresh water American wanted trade, Supplies, Fresh water 1854 President Fillmore sent Commodore Perry to Japan with guns and gifts to convince Japan to open its ports 1854 President Fillmore sent Commodore Perry to Japan with guns and gifts to convince Japan to open its ports

20. Japan continued Other countries did the same Other countries did the same Japan immediately modernized its navy Japan immediately modernized its navy Had no natural resources Had no natural resources Went after China (Manchuria…clashed with Russia). Went after China (Manchuria…clashed with Russia). War with China 1894 War with China 1894 War with Russia 1904-05 War with Russia 1904-05 1905 Japan defeated Russian Fleet! 1905 Japan defeated Russian Fleet!

21. Japan continued Treaty of Portsmouth Treaty of Portsmouth Negotiated by TR…later Nobel Peace Prize Negotiated by TR…later Nobel Peace Prize Japan wanted: Korea, Russian Sphere of influence in China, Sakhalin Island and $ Japan wanted: Korea, Russian Sphere of influence in China, Sakhalin Island and $ Japan got only Korea and Russian sphere of influence Japan got only Korea and Russian sphere of influence Japan Angry…Anti-American riots in Tokyo Japan Angry…Anti-American riots in Tokyo American Press “Yellow Peril” American Press “Yellow Peril” San Francisco: segregated Japanese children in schools San Francisco: segregated Japanese children in schools

22. Japan continued With TR: 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement With TR: 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement U.S. would stop segregating Japanese-American students if Japan would stop Japanese from coming to U.S. U.S. would stop segregating Japanese-American students if Japan would stop Japanese from coming to U.S. 1908 Root-Takahira Agreement: the U.S. and Japan agreed to stay out of each others’ influence in China 1908 Root-Takahira Agreement: the U.S. and Japan agreed to stay out of each others’ influence in China

23. Taft in China Violated the Root-Takahira Agreement Violated the Root-Takahira Agreement Agreed to participate with other nations to build a RR across China Agreed to participate with other nations to build a RR across China Japan responded with a surprise: Treaty with Russia Japan responded with a surprise: Treaty with Russia U.S. backed out of RR thing U.S. backed out of RR thing Dollar Diplomacy: Taft: the U.S. would use political (military) influence to protect American investments overseas Dollar Diplomacy: Taft: the U.S. would use political (military) influence to protect American investments overseas

24. The Hague 1899 and 1907 Diplomats from numerous nations agreed to discuss means to a lasting peace: Diplomats from numerous nations agreed to discuss means to a lasting peace: Spend $ on food, not weapons Spend $ on food, not weapons Encourage arbitration to settle disputes Encourage arbitration to settle disputes Rules of civilized warfare Rules of civilized warfare Note: These were diplomats, not necessarily heads of state (Germany and Japan and Italy lacked natural resources and colonies)

25. Africa 1904 U.S. citizen and wife were held for ransom by a Moroccan bandit! Razuli 1904 U.S. citizen and wife were held for ransom by a Moroccan bandit! Razuli France and Germany both in Morocco France and Germany both in Morocco To avoid U.S presence there, Morocco paid the ransom To avoid U.S presence there, Morocco paid the ransom Treaty of Algeciras: TR mediated a dispute between Germany and France in Morocco Treaty of Algeciras: TR mediated a dispute between Germany and France in Morocco