1. Renewing the Sectional Struggle Popular Sovereignty Zachary Taylor Californy Gold Sectional balance Compromise Pierce the Expansionist Cuba

2. Pop Sovereignty Northerners support Wilmot Proviso Southerners shot it down –1848 Polk does not seek 2 nd term: poor health –Dems nominate Lewis Cass (gen 1812) Originator of Popular Sovereignty –Issues should be decided by pop vote »Ie: slavery »Self determination, but allowed expansion of slavery

3. Zachary Taylor Whig nominee- hero of Buena Vista –No polit baggage –Avoided all issues –Anti slavery northerners form Free Soil Party Against expansion of slavery into territories For federal aid for internal improvements Free homesteads for settlers –Supporters: opposed half acquisition of OR –Also opponents of Blacks in territories –And conscience Whigs –oppose slavery on moral grounds – nominated Van Buren –Taylor won narrowly

4. Californy Gold 1848 Gold discovered in CA –Thousands rush in Most didn’t strike it rich Many lawless men, women CA drafted constitution, applied for statehood –Never hit territorial stage –Never became a slave state

5. Sectional balance 1850: south well off –Southerner president (Taylor) –Majority in cabinet, Supreme Ct –Equality in senate 15 states could veto any proposed amendment that outlawed slavery But worried still CA would come in as Free –Other free states could follow South also worried about slavery in DC being banned TX claims on disputed territory Underground RR: secret org that took runaways N. to Canada –Harriet Tubman freed 300+ in 19 trips –So wants stricter fugitive slave law

6. 1850 Catastrophe avoided –Henry Clay (73) urged concession from N + S –Stephen Douglas (Little Giant) agreed –John C. Calhoun (dying of TB) pleads for slavery to be left alone, return runaways, restore rights of S as minority; return polit balance –Daniel Webster says new land bad for slavery, too dry for cotton 7 th of March speech, helps N. compromise Speech made Webster a traitor to N

7. Deadlock on Capitol Hill Young Guard (new politicians) –Wm Seward, NY, against concession, hates slavery… Christian legislators must adhere to a ‘higher law’- no slavery! (cost him election 1860) –Taylor under influence of ‘higher law’ vetoed all compromises

8. Breaking logjam Z. Taylor died suddenly Millard Fillmore took over –Impressed by conciliation, signed agreements aka: Compromise of 1850 –Clay, Webster, Douglas argued for compromise for N. –S. hates it, accepts it grudgingly

9. Compromise 1850 N. gets better deal –CA is free –UT, NM could decide via pop sovereignty –TX lost disputed territory to NM, OK but was paid $10 mill –DC could not have slave TRADE but slavery still legal –New Fugitive Slave Law of 1850- drastic: Fleeing slaves cd not testify on own behalf Fed commissioner who handled case gets $5 if slave is free; $10 if not People who are ordered to help catch slaves have to

10. Impact of Comp of 1850 Northerners pledge not to follow fugitive slave law Underground RR steps up timetable Fugitive Slave law inflames both N & S –Postponed CW for 10 yrs Gave N chance to grow in pop, wealth: crops, factories, foundries, ships, rrs

11. End of Whigs 1852 Dems agree to dark horse: Franklin Pierce: unknown, enemy less –Whigs nom’d Old Fuss ‘n Feathers: Winfield Scott Old veteran 1812, MX war Both parties boast of Comp 1850 Whigs split Pierce landslide (We Polked ‘em in 48; we’ll Pierce ‘em in 52) –End of Whigs; rise of sectional politics

12. Pierce: expansionist Tried to be Polk. Recited inaugural from memory –Cabinet full of southerners –Jeff Davis Tool of the south –William Walker, 1856, grabbed control of Nicaragua; proclaimed self: president Legalized slavery Coalition of Latin American states overthrew him

13. Expansion, 2 Britain had gotten 5 treaty ports in China + Hong Kong due to Opium Wars –Pres Tyler sent Caleb Cushing to get comparable concessions 4 warships  Macao, S. China –Gifts (tribute) –Treaty of Wanghia- 1 st diplomatic agreement w/ China July 1844 –Most favored nation status: same trading terms as Britain Extraterritoriality: Amers accused of crimes tried before American officials, not Chinese. Commodore Matthew C. Perry steamed into harbor: Tokyo 1853 –Presented letters of intro & requests for free trade –Returned next year with larger force Gave tribute (gifts)- display of wealth & power Got treaty of Kanagawa March, 1854

14. Cuba Cuba: coveted, but Spain won’t sell –3 US 4n ministers met at Ostend, Belgium Ostend Manifesto: US wd offer $120 mill to Spain for Cuba –If it refused & Spain’s ownership of Cuba continued to endanger US, we’d take it –Secret doc leaked to press – outcry prevented action –S won’t get Cuba; N won’t get Canada

15. Pacific Railroad promoters & Gadsden Purchase Getting to CA & OR difficult; sea routes too long –Wagon overland route dangerous –Transcontinental RR- S wants route through S. but best route through MX Sec of War Davis arranged to have James Gadsden appt’d min to MX –Gadsden bought land for $10 mill from Santa Anna, back in power and in need of $$ »Congress passed sale »Santa Anna driven out by MXs

16. Route of RR S won Gadsden Purchase, but N says: if organization of territories is the problem: Nebraska will be organized

17. Stephen Douglass’ NE scheme Proposed KS-NE act: –Slavery in KS and NE wd be decided by Pop Sov! MO compromise banned this Act must repeal MO comp Southerners had not thought of KS as possible slave state.. Backed bill N’s against it Douglass pushed it through congress

18. Effect of KS-NE Act Wrecked MO compromise Indirectly wrecked Comp of 1850 Northerners no longer enforce Fugitive Slave Law Southerners still angry Dem party split into two… no more Dem presidents for 28 yrs