1. HIST 202

2.  We are Anglo-Saxons, and must obey our blood and occupy new markets, and, if necessary, new lands. - Sen. Albert Beveridge (1898)  Our form of government, our traditions, our present interests, and our future welfare, all forbid our entering upon a career of conquest. - William Jennings Bryan (1898)

3.  Isolationism  Looking westward in U.S.  George Washington’s final speech  Civil War changes the way we see ourselves in the world

5.  William H. Seward  Secretary of State  Under Lincoln and Johnson  Helped prevent British and French from entering war  Convinced annexation of Hawaii and purchase of Alaska

6.  Alaska (“Seward’s Folly”)  Russia and Great Britain claimed it  Russia – used it for hunting  Economic burden  Found a buyer in Seward  1867 – purchased Alaska for $7.2 million

7.  19 th Century industrialization led to  Worldwide markets  Growing surpluses  Open sources for raw materials  U.S. NEEDED TO STRETCH OUT AND EXPAND!!!!

8.  Only the strong survive!  Expansionists believed:  U.S. had to be strong  Militarily  Religiously  Economically  Politically

9.  Imperialism  To gain territory  Gain political and economic life of other countries  Britain, France, Russia, and Japan had possessions throughout the world!

10.  Missionaries  Josiah Strong – Our Country  Politicians  Henry Cabot Lodge (MA)  Theodore Roosevelt (NY)

11.  Military  Alfred Mahan – The Influence of Sea Power Upon History  Popular Press  Increased circulation  Told Americans about exotic places abroad

12.  America was the protector of Latin America  Pan-American Conference (1889)  James Blaine  Pan-American Union (1948)

13.  President Cleveland/Richard Olney (1895-96)  Venezuela/British Guiana  Used Monroe Doctrine against Britain  Britain sided with U.S.

14.  Causes:  Jingoism – aggressive foreign policy  Cuban revolt – Cuba v. Spain  Yellow journalism – sensational stories  Joseph Pulitzer  William Randolph Hearst

15.  Causes (cont.)  De Lome Letter  Dupuy De Lome – critical of Pres. McKinley  USS Maine  260 Americans killed

16.  April 1898  Protect Cuban interests  Protect American interests (sugar)  Protect commerce and trade  End “constant menace to our peace”

17.  April 20, 1898  U.S. declared war on Spain  Teller Amendment  U.S. did not want to take anything away from Cuba  Cuba would be in control of its govt.

18.  Philippines  Under Spanish control since 1500s  Roosevelt ordered George Dewey to invade Philippines  War was won quickly by capturing Manila Bay

19.  Cuba  Ill-prepared Army  San Juan Hill  Theodore Roosevelt  “Rough Riders”  Buffalo Soldiers  U.S. Navy crushed Spanish at Santiago Bay  War ended August 1898

20.  Hawaii  Settled by missionaries and businessmen  1893 – U.S. overthrew Queen Liliuokalani  1900 – U.S. territory  U.S. state in 1959

21. WW William McKinley - RWilliam Jennings Bryan - D

22.  John Hay  Sec. of State under Pres. McKinley  “Open Door” trade with China  Boxer Rebellion (1900) – Society of Harmonious Fists

23.  “Speak softly and carry a big stick”  Panama Canal  Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine  More extension in Latin American affairs

24.  William Taft (1909-1913)  Focus was in China and Latin America  Believed that investors and cash could help with relations  Financial investments = greater stability

25.  Henry Cabot Lodge  R – Massachusetts  Attention was on Latin America and Asia  Believed that no non- western countries should own territories in West  Infuriated Asia

26.  Woodrow Wilson  First term – 1913-17  Wanted to “right” all of the “wrongs”  Set up over 30 conciliation treaties throughout the world  Puerto Rico  Panama Canal