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1 Higher Education in Global Perspective: The U.S. Model vs. the Successful Model National Press Foundation New York City October, 2006 Stephen P. Heyneman.

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Presentation on theme: "1 Higher Education in Global Perspective: The U.S. Model vs. the Successful Model National Press Foundation New York City October, 2006 Stephen P. Heyneman."— Presentation transcript:

1 1 Higher Education in Global Perspective: The U.S. Model vs. the Successful Model National Press Foundation New York City October, 2006 Stephen P. Heyneman Professor, International Education Policy Vanderbilt University

2 2 The American Model of Higher Education: What is it? Diversity in price, function and quality High access High equity

3 3 Recent Higher Education changes outside the U.S. Access Quality Managerial innovation Transparency Accountability Equity

4 4 Ranking of University-Based Industry Income in China (2003) As of 12/31/2003Unit 1,000 RMB* Institution Name Gross Profit ($US) 1Peking University729,914 (91m) 2Qinghua(Tsinghua) University474,324 (59m) 3Shanghai Jiaotong University203,690 (26m) 4Xian Jiaotong University170,432 (21m) 5Zhejiang University129,154 (16m) 6Fudan University120,271 (15m) 7Tongji University101,009 (13m) 8Dongbei University99,064 (12m) 9Harbin Industrial University94,351 (11m) 10Wuhan University93,437 (11m) *$US 1 = 8 Ren Min Bi Source: http://www.cer.net.http://www.cer.net Chinese Ministry of Education Center for Education Technology Development

5 5 Public University Research-Based Industry Income In China (2000-2004) Year# of Companies Net Income Gross ProfitNet ProfitTax Revenue (Unit—RMB)Million Million ($US million) 2000209736,8123,5432,8031,879 ( 235) 2001199344,7753,1542,3982,009 (251) 2002221653,9082,5371,8632,592 (324) 2003244766,8072,7611,4732,940 (368) 2004235580,6784,0982,3863,848 (481) Source: http://www.cer.net.http://www.cer.net Chinese Ministry of Education Center for Education Technology Development

6 6 Universities in China: Funding from Non-Governmental Sources (2000) Institution Name Proportion of Funds from Non-Govt. Sources (%) Beijing (Peking) University41.7 Qinghua(Tsinghua) University33.6 Fudan University44.9 Jiaotong U.45.9 Nanjing University27.5 Zhejiang University 38.0 Source: http://www.cer.net.http://www.cer.net Chinese Ministry of Education Center for Education Technology Development

7 7 More people are completing upper secondary and tertiary education than ever before… …in some countries, growth has been spectacular… …but others have fallen behind.

8 8 Growth in baseline qualifications Approximated by the percentage of persons with uppersecondary qualifications in the age groups 55-64, 45-55, 45-44 and 25-34 years (2002)

9 9 Growth in university-level qualifications Approximated by the percentage of persons with ISCED 5A/6 qualfication in the age groups 55-64, 45-55, 45-44 and 25-34 years (2002)

10 10 In many countries, the expansion was accompanied by massive financial investments …while in others student numbers grew faster than expenditure

11 11 Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2001) All levels of education

12 12 Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2001) Tertiary education

13 13 Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (1995, 2001) Tertiary education

14 14 Annual expenditure per student on educational institutions, in equivalent US dollars, converted using PPPs

15 15 Changes in spending per student in tertiary education (1995=100, 2001 constant prices )

16 16 Public subsidies for education in tertiary education (2001) Country mean

17 17 The earnings advantage of tertiary education (2002) Relative earnings of 25-64-year-old tertiary graduates (upper secondary education=100)

18 18 Current entry rates suggest that the growth will continue Sum of net entry rates for single year of age in University (2002) Today’s entry rates in universities suggest that the strive for higher qualifications will continue… Half of an age cohort now enter university, and in Australia, Finland, Iceland, Poland and Sweden 70% or more University-entry in the USA is at 64% just after this group of countries …but not everyone completes with a degree At 34% drop-out rate in US higher than the average (30%) %

19 19 Academic Ratings of Universities Shanghai Jiao Tong University http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2004/top500list.htm http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2004/top500list.htm

20 Top 100 World Universities World Rank InstitutionCountry Total Score Score on Alumni Score on Award Score on HiCi Score on N&S Score on SCI Score on Size 1Harvard UnivUSA100.098.6100.0 60.6 2Stanford UnivUSA77.241.272.296.175.272.368.1 3Univ CambridgeUK76.2100.093.456.658.570.273.2 4Univ California - BerkeleyUSA74.270.076.074.175.672.745.1 5Massachusetts Inst Tech (MIT)USA72.474.178.973.669.164.647.5 6California Inst TechUSA69.059.366.564.866.753.2100.0 7Princeton UnivUSA63.661.076.865.452.146.867.3 8Univ OxfordUK61.464.459.153.155.365.259.0 9Columbia UnivUSA61.277.858.857.351.668.337.0 10Univ ChicagoUSA60.572.281.955.346.654.132.7 11Yale UnivUSA58.652.244.563.658.163.650.4 12Cornell UnivUSA55.546.652.460.547.266.233.6 13Univ California - San DiegoUSA53.817.834.763.659.467.247.9 14Tokyo UnivJapan51.936.114.444.555.091.949.8 15Univ PennsylvaniaUSA51.835.635.161.244.672.634.0 16Univ California - Los AngelesUSA51.627.432.860.548.179.924.8 17Univ California - San FranciscoUSA50.80.037.659.359.562.948.8 18Univ Wisconsin - MadisonUSA50.043.136.355.348.069.219.0 19Univ Michigan - Ann ArborUSA49.339.819.364.845.776.720.1 20Univ Washington - SeattleUSA49.122.730.257.349.678.816.2 21Kyoto UnivJapan48.339.834.140.037.277.146.4 22Johns Hopkins UnivUSA47.548.728.343.752.671.714.2 23Imperial Coll LondonUK46.420.938.146.239.465.844.5 24Univ TorontoCanada44.628.119.739.141.278.442.8 25Univ Coll LondonUK44.330.832.941.0 61.142.6

21 Rankings by Country CountryNumber of Universities in Top 100Top Rank USA521 UK83 Germany845 Japan514 Sweden446 Canada424 France441 Switzerland327 Netherlands239 Australia227 Finland172 Russia166 Norway168 Israel190 Austria186 Denmark159 Finland172 Italy193

22 22 Asia’s Best Universities 2000 Asiaweek www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/features/universities2000/schools/multi.overall.html www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/features/universities2000/schools/multi.overall.html

23 Ranking of Asian Universities by Size of Bandwidth RankMulti-Disciplinary SchoolsInternet bandwidth per student (kbps) Overall Rank 2000 1 Sun Yat-sen University (Taiwan) 33.5320 2 Kyungpook National University 29.7635 3 Chungnam National University 20.8450 4 Australian National University 19.588 5 Taiwan Normal University* 19.0237 6 Seoul National University 17.144 7 Tsing Hua University (Taiwan)* 14.7718 8 Kyoto University 14.171 9 Chonnam National University 13.5234 10 Tohoku University (Japan) 11.842 11 Tianjin University (China) 11.5446 12 Xi'an Jiaotong University (China) 10.8154 13 National University of Singapore 7.15 14 University of Wollongong 6.9245 15 University of Adelaide 6.8826 16 Nagoya University 6.5811 17 Central University (Taiwan)* 6.1224 18 University of Melbourne 6.069 19 Kasetsart University 5.5663 20 Chao Toung University (Taiwan)* 5.528 Rank Multi-Disciplinary Schools Internet bandwidth per student (kbps) Overall Rank 2000 21 Monash University 5.1430 22 Chonbuk National University 543 23 Taiwan University* 4.112 24 Pusan National University 3.9939 25 City University of Hong Kong 3.927 26 Hokkaido University 3.8119 27 Southeast University (China) 3.5660 28 Chung Hsing University (Taiwan)* 3.3565 29 Keio University* 3.2422 30 Hanyang University 3.1638 31 University of Western Australia 2.8923 32 Sungkyunkwan University 2.8333 Ewha Womans University 2.4632 34 Macquarie University 2.3256 35 Ritsumeikan University 2.1867 36 Waseda University 2.1329 37 Chinese University of Hong Kong 2.16 38 University of Hong Kong 2.053 39Korea University2.042314 40 Cheng Kung University (Taiwan)* 1.616

24 24 Legend: 05.A. Primary Education Services 05.B. Secondary Education Services 05.C. Higher Education Services 05.D. Adult Education 05.E.Other Education Service Source:WTO Secretariat WTO: SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS to EDUCATION SERVICES

25 25 Distribution of Foreign Students by Host Country/Territory, 2002/2003

26 26 International Students in the U.S.: Place of Origin

27 27 International Students in U.S.: Field of Study

28 28 U.S. Study Abroad Students: 1985/1986 – 1999/2000 SOURCE: Open Doors International, 2001 85/8687/8889/9091/9293/9494/9595/9696/9797/9898/9999/00 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000

29 29 Education Cost Affordability Rankings

30 30 Total Cost Affordability Rankings

31 31 The Loan/Grant Mix in Sixteen Jurisdictions

32 32 The Role of Grants, Loans & Tax Expenditures in Reducing Total Costs

33 33 Innovations in Transparency and Accountability: Research assessment exercise Exit tests from undergraduate education

34 34 The American Model of Higher Education vs. the Successful Model: What does the future hold? Universal Objectives :  Higher quality  Greater access  Increased equity Current public resources:  Insufficient Additional Resources: New Sources of RevenueCopyrights on inventions New efficiency Faculty-based salaries Greater revenues from Contract overheads traditional sources RetrenchmentDomestic science

35 35 Summary Only one successful model of higher education: the one which succeeds in helping finance its own objectives The U.S. higher education has traditionally led the way All nations have to respond to the same set of dilemmas and challenges In the future the U.S will have many higher education rivals

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