1. Vertebrate Characteristics Kingdom Animalia; Phylum Chordata; Subphylum Vertebrata

2. Chordata Characteristics Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord (“back cord”) Pharyngeal gill slits/arches +/- postanal tail

7. Subphylum Vertebrata 500 million years ago; Ordovician Period About 50,000 species known

8. Geologic Periods PALEOZOIC ERA Cambrian Period 600 mya – appearance of all major invertebrate phyla Ordovician Period 500 – appearance of vertebrates (ostracoderms) Silurian Period 440 – archaic fishes

9. -Devonian Period 410 age of fishes; first amphibians -Carboniferous Period 360 amphibians dominant; first reptiles -Permian Period 290 primitive reptiles, decline of early amphibians

10. MESOZOIC ERA (age of reptiles; 185 million yrs. duration) -Triassic Period 245 first dinosaurs, turtles, mammals -Jurassic Period 210 reptiles dominant; first birds; arc. mammals -Cretaceous Period 145 extinction large reptiles

11. CENOZOIC ERA (age of mammals; 65 million yrs. duration)

12. Key Points From the Geologic Periods page, name 3 of the most important dates & events

13. Origins of Vertebrates Prochordate, such as Amphioxus Compare to Ammocoete larvae

14. Amphioxus Larval agnathan - Ammocoetes

18. Vertebrate Characteristics

19. SUPERCLASS AGNATHA Ostracoderms

21. SUPERCLASS AGNATHA Cyclostomes

22. AgnathaAgnatha

23. Lampreys & Hagfishes or Slime Eels

25. SUPERCLASS GNATHOSTOMATA Class Acanthodii

26. Class Placodermi

27. Class Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fish

28. (Chondrichthyes) Subclass Elasmobranchii

29. Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii

30. Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Holocephali

31. Bony Fish Osteichthyes Greatest number of species of vertebrates

32. Class Actinopterygii Ray-finned fish Operculum Bony skeleton Terminal mouth Swim bladder in most

33. Subclass Chondrostei - paddlefish

34. Subclass Chondrostei - sturgeon

35. Subclass Neopterygii Order Holostei (gar)

36. Subclass Neopterygii order Holostei - bowfin

37. Subclass Neopterygii division Teleostei

38. “perfect” bone 95% of all fish Modern cycloid or ctenoid scales

39. Class Sarcopterygii Fleshy finned fish

41. Class Sarcopterygii Superorder Dipnoi

42. Class Sarcopterygii Superorder Crossopterygii

43. Latimeria = Coelocanth

44. Transition from water to land

47. Class Amphibia Both life Fewest numbers of species Terrestrial life changes More oxygen in atmosphere than water Air less dense than water for body support More temperature fluctuations

48. Class Amphibia Subclass Labyrinthodontia OLDEST TETRAPOD, about 350 mya Crossopterygian features such as dermal scales, ray-fin tail, skull and sensory structures fish-like GAVE RISE TO REPTILES

52. Class Amphibia Subclass Lissamphibia Smooth amphibians Monophyletic or Diphyletic evolution Skin with glands and keratin No dermal scales Double circulatory system Ectothermic Need water for reproduction

53. Subclass Lissamphibia Order Proanura Order Anura

54. Subclass Lissamphibia Order Urodela

56. Subclass Lissamphibia Order Apoda

57. Class Reptilia Creeps Origin in mid-Carboniferous period Origin from labyrinthodonts Amniotes Keratinized skin with scales Stronger skeleton

60. Class Reptilia Subclass Anapsida Extinct stem reptiles

61. Class Reptilia Subclass Anapsida

62. Class Reptilia Subclass Lepidosauria

64. Class Reptilia Subclass Archosauria

66. Class Reptilia Subclass Euryapsida

67. Class Reptilia Subclass Synapsida Therapsids; ANCESTOR OF MAMMALS

68. Class Aves Originated from bipedal dinosaurs Archaeopteryx in Jurassic Period Feathers No teeth in modern birds Endothermic Four chambered heart Complex behavior/social organization

69. Class Aves Subclass Archaeornithes

70. Class Aves Subclass Neornithes

71. Class Mammalia “breast” Originated from Therapsids Hair Mammary glands Four chambered heart Diaphragm Dentary is sole lower jaw bone

72. Class Mammalia Subclass Prototheria

73. Class Mammalia Subclass Theria Breast or PLACENTA or hair

74. Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria

75. Subclass Theria Infraclass Eutheria

76. Key Point: Classify Vertebrates Gnathostome, Agnathostome

77. Key Point: Classify Vertebrates Amniote, Anamniote

78. Key Point: Classify Vertebrates Homeotherm/Endotherm Poikilotherm/Ectotherm

79. Key Point: Classify Vertebrates Fish, Tetrapod