2. DIGESTIVE GLANDS - CHA -

3. THE LIVER - THE GREATEST MEASUREMENT OF ORGAN IN HUMAN ( 1,5 KG ), CONSIST OF 4 LOBUS. - CAPSUL CONSIST OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE, NAMELY IS GLISSON’S CAPSUL. - THE LIVER COMPOSED OF LOBULES WHICH ARE SEPARATED FROM EACH OTHER BY A LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CALLED HEPATIC LOBULS. - HILLUS OF LIVER NAMELY IS PORTAL HEPATIS, WHICH IN THIS PLACE, BLOOD VESSELS, CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND BILLIARY DUCT ARE ENTERING TO THE LIVER.

4. - THE LOBULES OF LIVER ARE SEPARATED BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND BLOOD VESSELS. THE CORNER OF THREE LOBULS CREATE PORTAL AREA = PORTAL CANAL. - THE CONTAIN OF PORTAL CANAL : 1. INTERLOBULARIES VEIN  IS BRANCH OF PORTA VEIN. 2. INTERLOBULARIES ARTERI  IS BRANCH OF HEPATICA ARTERI 3. INTERLOBULARIES DUCT  IS BILLIARY DUCT 4. ANOTHER COMPONENTS LIKE LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND NERVE FIBERS. 1,2 AND 3 ARE CALLED PORTAL TRIAD

5. PORTAL TRIAD

6. LIVER IS COMPOSED OF : 1.LIVER PARENCHYM, CONSIST OF LAMINA HEPATIS ( HEPATOCYTE CELLS PLAQUE ), WHICH RADIER ARRANGE WITH CENTRALIS VEIN AS A AXIS. 2. SINUSOID, A SPACE BETWEEN LAMINA HEPATIS, WHICH THE WALL CONSIST OF : - ENDOTHEL - KUPFFER CELLS  CELLS WHICH HAVE PHAGOCYTIC CHARACTER. - SUPPORTING TISSUE, WHICH CONSIST OF RETICULER FIBERS.

7. BLOOD VESSEL OF THE LIVER : 1.PORTA VEIN : FUNCTIONAL  BLOOD FROM INTESTINE AND LIEN, AND THEN DISTRIBUTE TO INTERLOBULARIES VEIN  SINUSSOID  CENTRALIS VEIN  SUBLOBULARIS VEIN  HEPATIVA VEIN  CAVA INFERIOR VEIN. 2.HEPATICA ARTERI NUTRITIF, BLOOD DISTRIBUTE TO INTERLOBULARIS ARTERI  A PART OF THE PORTAL CANAL AND ANOTHER TO THE PERILOBULAR AREA.

8. CENTRALIS VEIN

9. SUBLOBULARIS VEIN

10. LIMPHATIC VESSEL IN LIVER : - CREATE NETWORK AROUND GLISSON CAPSULE, INTERLOBULARIS SEPTUM, AROUND BLOOD VESSELS AND BILLIARY DUCT. - IN LOBULUS THERE ISN’T LIMPHATIC VESSEL. LYMPHATIC LIQUID BE GATHERED IN SPACE OF DISSE  SPACE OF MALL  LYMPHATIC VESSELS IN PORTAL AREA.

11. LIVER FUNCTIONS : 1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 2. EMPEDU SECRETION 3. METABOLIT DEPO 4. METABOLISM 5. DETOXICATION 6. PHAGOCYTOSIS, ETC.

12. GALL BLADDER IS A HOLLOW, PEAR- SHAPE ORGAN, CONSIST OF FUNDUS, CORPUS AND COLLUM. 1. MUCOSA - MUCOSA LAYER PRESENT FOLDS THAT ARE PARTICULARLY EVIDENT IN THE EMPTY BLADDER. - A MUCOSA LAYER COMPOSED OF COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM AND LAMINA PROPRIA. - DIVERTICULUM (+) - THERE IS NOT MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE

13. 2. A LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE IS A THICK SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE, WHICH HAVE TWO DIRECTIONS : - INNER : LONGITUDINAL - OUTER : CIRCULAR 3. A SEROSA MEMBRAN / ADVENTITIA SUPERFICIAL LAYER IS COMPOSED OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH COLLAGEN FIBERS, BINDS TO CAPSULA GLISSON IN SOME PLACES, AT ANOTHER PLACES IS LINED BY PERITONEUM.

14. KANDUNG EMPEDU

15. FUNCTION : - STORE BILE AND CONCENTRATE IT BY REABSORBING ITS WATER. THE WATER IS ABSORBED BY EPITHEL TISSUE. EXTRA HEPATIC DUCT 1. HEPATIC DUCT TO DISTRIBUTE BILE FROM LIVER TO GALLBLADDER. 2.CYSTIC DUCT TO DISTRIBUTE BILE FROM HEPATIC DUCT TO GALLBLADDER

16. 3.COMMON BILE DUCT = CHOLEDOCHUS DUCT TO DISTRIBUTE BILE FROM HEPATIC DUCT AND CYSTIC DUCT TO DEUDENUM. HISTOLOGY STRUCTURES : MUCOUS : - SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM - AT COLLUM GALLBLADDER, PRESENT FOLDS, AT DUCTUS CYSTICUS THERE IS SPINCTER, NAMELY HEISTER SPINCTER. MUSCULARIS : NOT SO CLEAR.

17. GAMBARAN SKEMATIK EXTRA BILE DUCT

18. SALIVARY GLANDS - INTRINSIC GLANDS ( MINOR )  LABIALIS GLAND, BUCCALIS GLAND, PALATINAE GLAND. - EXTRINSIC ( MAYOR ) : - PAROTIS GLAND - SUBMAXILLARIS / SUBMANDIBULARIS GLAND - SUBLINGUALIS GLAND FUNCTION : SALIVARY SECRETION

19. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF SALIVARY GLANDS : COMPOSED OF : 1.PARENCHYM : GLANDS  ACINI 2.STROMA : CONNECTIVE TISSUE FRAMEWORK THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF ACINI : - SEROUS - MUCOUS - MIX

20. SEROUS ACINI EPITHEL : SIMPLE COLUMNAR, LIKE PYRAMID SHAPE AND HAVE A NARROW LUMEN AND THE BORDER OF EACH CELL IS NOT CLEAR. CYTOPLASM : HAVE ZYMOGEN GRANULES COLOR : IS DARKER THAN MUCOUS ACINI AND HAVE MYOEPITHEL CELLS ( BASKET CELLS )  SUPPORT SECRETION DISCHARGE.

21. MUCOUS ACINI EPITHEL : SIMPLE SQUAMOUS OR LOW CUBOID, THE BORDER OF EACH CELL IS NOT CLEAR, LUMEN IS WIDE AND NUCLEAR SHAPE IS FLAT. CYTOPLASM : FILL WITH VACUOLA MUCIGEN AND WITH H.E STAIN HAVE PALE COLOR. MIXED ACINI THERE SROUS ACINI THAT HOLD MUCOUS ALVEOLI  SEROUS ALVEOLI LIKE “BULAN SABIT”, NAMELY IS DEMILUNE OF GIANUZZI.

22. EXIT DUCT : 1. INTERCALATED DUCT : - INTRA LOBULAR - SIMPLE SQUAMOUS OR LOW CUBOID EPITHELIUM 2. STRIATED DUCT - INTRA LOBULAR - SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM 3. INTERLOBULAR DUCT - SIMPLE COLUMNAR OR PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM 4. MAIN DUCT : PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

23. PAROTIS GLAND - IS THE GREATEST SALIVARY GLAND. - HAVE A CAPSUL, WHICH HAVE BRANCH THAT DIVIDED BECOME INTERLOBARIS AND INTERLOBULARIS SEPTA. - ACINUS : PURE SEROUS - EXIT MAIN DUCT IS CALLED DUCTUS STENONI. SUBMAXILLARIS / SUBMANDIBULARIS GLAND - IS A MIXED GLAND, THERE ARE SEOUS AND MUCOUS ACINI, WHICH THE NUMBER OF SEROUS ACINI IS MORE THAN MUCOUS ACINI.

24. - THERE ARE DEMILUNE OF GIANUZZI. - THE EXIT MAIN DUCT, NAMELY IS DUCTUS WHARTONI. SUBLINGUALIS - IS THE SMALLEST OF SALIVARY GLAND AND ALSO MIXED GLAND. - THE NUMBER OF MUCOUS ACINI IS MORE THAN SEROUS ACINI. - DEMILUNE OF GIANUZZI (+) - CAPSUL IS NOT CLEAR AND WITHOUT SEPTA. - IS DIFFICULT TO FIND INTRALOBULAR DUCT.

25. KEL. PAROTIS SRIATED DUCT INTERCALATED DUCT

26. KEL. SUBMAXILLARIS ACINI MUCOUS

27. Kel. Sublingualis Demilune dari Gianuzzi Striated duct

28. DEMILUNE OF GIANUZZI

29. PANCREAS IS A DOUBLE TUBULOALVEOLAR GLAND WHICH HAVE EXOCRINE CHARACTER. THERE ARE SPECIAL STRUCTURES  LANGERHANS ISLAND, WHICH HAVE ENDOCRINE CHARACTER. HORMON, THAT PRODUCED BY LANGERHANS ISLAND : - INSULIN, BY b CELLS ( CHANGE GLUCOSA TO BECOME GLYCOGEN ) - GLUCAGON, BY A CELLS.

30. THE CHARACTER IS PURE SEROUS, THERE ARE CENTRO-ACINAR CELLS, WHICH IS PROLONGATION OF INTERCALATED DUCT. THERE IS NO STRIATED DUCT AND THE MAIN DUCT NAMELY IS WIRSUNGI DUCT.

31. pancreas Cell centroacinar

32. Pulau langerhans

33. THANKS