1. Language  Linguistic Determinism  Whorf”s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

2. Language Quesadilla Mature Cell phone Salsa Guacamole

3. Sociology, Eleventh Edition

6. High culture Popular culture Expensive champagne Beer

7. Sociology, Eleventh Edition High culture Popular culture Polo Baseball

8. Sociology, Eleventh Edition High culture Popular culture Country Club Bar & Grill

9. High culture Popular culture Yo Yo MaKanye West

10. Sociology, Eleventh Edition Surfers

11. Sociology, Eleventh Edition

15. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 10 Thinking, Language, and Chapter 11 Intelligence

16. ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What is cognition? How do we define concept, and why is a concept useful? What are algorithms and heuristics, and how do they help us solve problems? GPS STANDARD: SSPBC2- The student will analyze key concepts associated with information processing.

17. Thinking  Cognition  mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating  Cognitive Psychologists  study these mental activities  concept formation  problem solving  decision making  judgment formation

18. Thinking  Concept  mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people  Prototype  mental image or best example of a category  matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)

19. Thinking  Algorithm  methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem  contrasts with the usually speedier–but also more error-prone--use of heuristics

20. Thinking  Heuristic  simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently  usually speedier than algorithms  more error-prone than algorithms

21. Thinking Unscramble S P L O Y O C H Y G  Algorithm  all 907,208 combinations  Heuristic  throw out all YY combinations  other heuristics?

22. Thinking  Insight  sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem  contrasts with strategy-based solutions  Confirmation Bias  tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions  Fixation  inability to see a problem from a new perspective  impediment to problem solving

23. The Matchstick Problem  How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles?

24. The Candle-Mounting Problem  Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?

25. Thinking  Mental Set  tendency to approach a problem in a particular way  especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem

26. Thinking  Functional Fixedness  tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions  impediment to problem solving

27. The Matchstick Problem  Solution to the matchstick problem

28. The Candle-Mounting Problem  Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container

29. Heuristics  Representativeness Heuristic p.401  judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes  may lead one to ignore other relevant information

30. Heuristics  Availability Heuristic p. 402  estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory  if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common  Example: airplane crash

31. Thinking  Overconfidence  tendency to be more confident than correct  tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments

32. Thinking  Framing p. 406  the way an issue is posed  how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments  Example: What is the best way to market ground beef--as 25% fat or 75% lean?

33. Thinking  Belief Bias  the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning  sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid  Belief Perseverance  clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

34. Artificial Intelligence  Artificial Intelligence  designing and programming computer systems  to do intelligent things  to simulate human thought processes  intuitive reasoning  learning  understanding language

35. Artificial Intelligence  Computer Neural Networks  computer circuits that mimic the brain’s interconnected neural cells  performing tasks  learning to recognize visual patterns  learning to recognize smells

36. Language  Language  our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning  Phoneme  in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

37. Language  Morpheme  in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning  may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)  Grammar  a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others

38. Language  Semantics  the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language  also, the study of meaning  Syntax  the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

39. Language  We are all born to recognize speech sounds from all the world’s languages 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage able to discriminate Hindi t’s Hindi- speaking adults 6-8 months 8-10 months 10-12 months English- speaking adults Infants from English-speaking homes

40. Language  Babbling Stage  beginning at 3 to 4 months  the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language  One-Word Stage  from about age 1 to 2  the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words

41. Language  Two-Word Stage  beginning about age 2  the stage in speech development during which a child speaks in mostly two-word statements  Telegraphic Speech  early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram-–“go car”--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words

42. Language Summary of Language Development Month (approximate) Stage 4 10 12 24 24+ Babbles many speech sounds. Babbling reveals households language. One-word stage. Two-world, telegraphic speech. Language develops rapidly into complete sentences.

43. Language  Genes design the mechanisms for a language, and experience activates them as it modifies the brain

44. Language  New language learning gets harder with age 100 90 80 70 60 50 Native3-78-1011-1517-39 Percentage correct on grammar test Age at school

45. Language  Linguistic Determinism  Whorf”s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

46. Language  The interplay of thought and language

47. Animal Thinking and Language  The straight-line part of the dance points in the direction of a nectar source, relative to the sun Direction of nectar source

48. Animal Thinking and Language  Gestured Communication

49. Thinking & Language Illustrated Note-taking 1.How do we define concept, and why is a concept useful? 2. What are algorithms and heuristics, and how do they help us solve problems? p. 430-452

50. Illustrated Note-taking 3. How can…. fixation the confirmation bias heuristics overconfidence framing belief perseverance …... influence our ability to solve problems?

51. Illustrated Note-taking 4. What role do… phonemes morphemes grammar …... play in the structure of language?

52. Illustrated Note-taking 5. How do we learn language? 6. What stages do children go through in the development of language?

53. Illustrated Note-taking 7. What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis? 8. Can we think without language?