1. Supplementary Education in Japan: The Insecurity Industry “The World-Wide Growth of Supplementary Education” University of Waterloo, June 4-6, 2010 Julian Dierkes Institute of Asian Research University of British Columbia, Canada

2. The Japanese Education System: History Rapid implementation of nation-wide education after 1868 Meiji Restoration Hierarchical and centralized control until 1945 Basic Law of Education (1947) as foundation of postwar education 1960s opening of upper secondary and higher education

3. The Japanese Education System: Structure Preschool and daycare < 6 yrs. Compulsory: 6-15 yrs./grades 1-9 6+3(+3 > 90%)(+4 > 70% some tertiary) Private and public schools at all levels Curricula for primary and secondary promulgated by national Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology ( 文部科学省 – MEXT) Some role for local boards of education

4. Supplementary Education: Definitions and Scale ( 学習 ) 塾 (gakushū)juku vs. 予備校 yobikō 50,000 juku No statistics on participation 2008 Benesse Time Use Survey From 10% ( 高 1 北海道 ) to 70% ( 中 3 近畿 ) 50% once or twice/week

5. Supplementary Education: History Historical continuity from pre-modern education? Exam-oriented pedagogy “Juku-boom” of the 1970s: a)disposable income, b)fewer children, c)meritocratic access to careers/SES, d)rankings of educational institutions

6. Supplementary Education: Policy Juku regulated only as businesses Juku as indication of the failure of public education History of attempts to incorporate into educational policy Some reforms-from-below

7. Supplementary Education: A Market Voluntary participation Selection of options Information on options For-profit

8. Supplementary Education: Curriculum and Pedagogy “Shadow education”: Virtually no departure from official curriculum or school pedagogy Variety of social settings Variety of delivery methods

9. Supplementary Education: Organizational Forms Historic roots in small institutions, but corporate growth since 1990s Chains, franchises, independent Local, regional, national Learning aids industry

10. Supplementary Education: Teaching Personnel No formal qualifications Careers in the shadow (businessmen, teachers) Recruitment of graduates Successor challenges

11. Supplementary Education: Interaction with Schools Accelerated teaching leads to wide discrepancies in classrooms Public opposition to supplementary education: bureaucracy, unions No direct communication between schools and supplementary education Experimental PPPs: Supplementary education in (public) schools, teachers’ training

12. Supplementary Education: The Insecurity Business Historical origins eclipsed by current insecurity as motivator “The lost decade(s)” State of semi-permanent policy crisis Sensationalization of social ills

13. Supplementary Education: The Future Demography = demise Education markets = conglomerates Policy insecurity = PPPs Social ills and individualization = “free schools”