1. The changing strategic environment in UK higher education: challenges and opportunities Jim Coleman, The Open University

2. 2 Schools: Primary (England) National Curriculum Review under way ‘Entitlement’ continues, but National Languages Strategy and CILT (National Centre for Languages) are no more recommended mandatory language at KS2, ages 7-11 (Rose Report) dropped Uncoordinated enthusiasm; 92% of primaries have timetabled language study, but less than 60 minutes a week; loss of momentum Research shows ‘earlier the better’ simplistic: KS3 better for grammar

3. 3 Secondary (England) National Curriculum Review KS3 (ages 11-14) foreign language still mandatory in National Curriculum – but timetable reducing (CILT 2011) KS4 (ages 14-16) removal of foreign language from core curriculum announced 2002, implemented 2004 Heads fear school rankings are jeopardised by lower grades in languages than other subjects

4. 4 Secondary (England) Drop in numbers of state schools where half of all KS4 pupils study a language: from 48% in 2005 to 36% in 2010 Drop in proportion taking language GCSEs: from 71% in 1997 to 43% in 2010 Decrease especially marked in North of England, in less privileged areas and in lower performing schools

5. 5 Secondary (England) 2011 GCSE entries down 13.2% in French, 13.2% in German, 2.5% in Spanish Robust evidence of continuing severe grading of modern languages

6. 6 Secondary (England) E-Bacc introduction harshly criticised by Select Committee But demonstrable change in GCSE choices 22% of GCSE-stage pupils in 2010 were doing a combination of subjects that could lead to an E-Bacc 33% of pupils in 2012 47% of pupils in 2013 By 2013, 52% of pupils taking GCSEs will be doing a language

7. 7 Post-compulsory (ages 16-18) Across all subjects, AS and A level numbers have been increasing consistently: A levels up 20%, AS levels up 25% since 1997 French AS down 26.8% since 2002 peak German AS down 35.5% since 2002 peak Spanish AS up to 2010 peak, up 46% since 2001 Overall AS languages down 9.3% since 2007

8. 8 Post-compulsory (ages 16-18) At A level, French represented 3.66% of entries in 1996, just 1.5% in 2011 In actual numbers at A level, French and German falling slightly, Spanish steady after increasing consistently, Other Modern Languages increasing fast Overall, language A levels fell steeply 1996-2004 (down 31.6%) then recovered to 2011 (up 19.8%), giving overall drop of 18.1% over 15 years

9. 9 Post-compulsory (ages 16-18) 2010-2011, A level All UK: French down 4.7%, German down 6.9%, Spanish down 0.2%, Other Modern Languages up 21.5%. Overall up 1.5% England: French down 3.6%, German down 6.1%, Spanish 0.9%, Other Modern Languages up 21.5%

10. 10 Post-compulsory (ages 16-18) A level grades in languages improving every year Independent schools have a disproportionate impact: –8% of UK school pupils, 20% of post-16 –29.7%, 27.2% and 34.2% of A level entries in French, German and Spanish respectively in 2010 –42.9%, 42.5% and 48.5% of top A level grades Throughout secondary, languages are apparently becoming the preserve of a social and intellectual elite

11. 11 Language students 2003/042004/052005/062006/072007/82008/92009/10%change TOTAL60,50560,43063,63062,35060,24058,10561,3951.5% Of which: Postgraduate5,1205,0855,0505,0255,2456,2506,45526.1% PGCE2,1002,0051,9351,9101,7351,6951,950-7.1% 1 st degree28,81528,88029,31029,37030,40030,98531,5509.5% Other Undergraduate24,47524,46027,34026,04522,86019,17521,445-12.4%

12. 12 University specialist linguists Recruitment peaked 1992 Decade of falling enrolments, departmental closures Since 2004 small but consistent increase in numbers of students on language degrees Likely impact of Routes into Languages and other initiatives But departments still closing: increasing concentration in research-elite Russell Group universities Of all university disciplines, languages has the highest proportion of students from independent schools (25%)

13. 13 Current context Resources/toolkit online at http://www.ucml.ac.uk/shapingthefuture http://www.ucml.ac.uk/shapingthefuture Higher Education White Paper (June 2011) http://www.bis.gov.uk/Consultations/he-white-paper- students-at-the-heart (consult by 20 September) http://www.bis.gov.uk/Consultations/he-white-paper- students-at-the-heart HEFCE consultation on Teaching funding and student number controls (June 2011: SIVs, year abroad fees) http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2011/11_20/ http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2011/11_20/

14. 14 UK nations: fees from 2012 entry England up to £9,000 p.a. NI fees £3,465 p.a., Rest of UK £6,000-£9,000 Scotland zero for Scottish or EU students, £21,000- £36,000 for Rest of UK students – legal challenge Wales £8,800 p.a. average, but Welsh students maximum £3,465 p.a. anywhere in UK Already for 2011 entry, English applicants to Scotland down 14.9% (Edinburgh down 35.6%)

15. 15 AAB+ 65,000 ‘contestable’ (uncapped) places for AAB+ at A level Higher proportion of AAB+ in HSS HSS cheaper to teach than Band A and B 20,000 contestable places where fees average below £7,500 > proliferation of HSS courses?

16. 16 UCML response to HEFCE 3 x £9,000 plus year 4 accommodation, subsistence Competition for language students from EU HEIs (e.g. Maastricht) SIV status: strategically important (British Academy, CBI, Labour Market Intelligence, Languages for Jobs, FCO £1m boost, Foreign Office Language Centre) Vulnerable: GCSE, A level, Glasgow, Swansea, UWE, Westminster interpreting, posts at Russell Group HEIs > Loss of geographical availability, diversity of provision and delivery

17. 17 UCML response to HEFCE Threat to postgraduate courses when graduates have £50,000 debt (echoed by 1994 Group) Threat to language teacher training from 2.2 threshold All languages are strategic – economy, defence, politics Strong European language base essential to underpin other languages Government has recognised value of SIVs –HEFCE grant letter 20/12/10 –HEFCE letter 29/6/11

18. 18 UCML response to HEFCE HEFCE SIVs evaluation report (May 2011) –SIVs intervention cost-effective in stimulating demand, protecting provision –SIVs created networks for sustainability –SIVs more crucial to languages than other subjects Renewed Routes Into Languages welcomed Need to renew SIVs funding (echoed by 1994 Group: ‘We would encourage redirection of funding towards Band C SIVs to ensure their survival’)

19. 19 UCML response to HEFCE Year abroad Old-regime fee compensation to continue to 2013-14 But skewed towards safer Erasmus programmes Should be extended to all whole-year-abroad work and study programmes

20. 20 UCML response to HEFCE Year abroad New regime Analysis of OFFA agreements = uncertainty Essex zero, handful £4,500, most £500-£2,000 No provision in HEFCE budget for continuing fee compensation – disincentive for universities (1994 Group also concerned) But will market bear £4,500? Discourage students from disaggregating costs

21. 21 UCML proposals All languages continue to be designated as SIVS and to receive additional affordable resources to stimulate demand and maintain provision which offers geographical spread, diversity of provision, and alternative models of delivery HEFCE should extend old-regime support beyond Erasmus to all full-year-abroad programmes

22. 22 UCML proposals In order to encourage HEIs to continue to support, for new-regime students, the year abroad which is such a crucial part of language and other degrees, HEFCE must secure funding to provide continuing fee compensation, at least at approximately the level foreseen for 2012-13 Targeted action should be taken in order to support Widening Participation in languages

23. 23 UCML proposals In order to encourage further networking of relevant bodies, associations, and Government Departments, HEFCE should support, and participate in, a relaunch of the Languages Forum which arose from Professor Worton’s 'Review of Modern Foreign Languages provision in higher education in England' ELQ SIVS transitional funding should exceptionally continue to 2012-13 and beyond for full-time and part- time (25% and above) first degree and other undergraduate students

24. 24 UCML proposals  HEFCE should work with UCML and other bodies to monitor (1) the impact of the new funding regime on recruitment to language degrees (2) the impact of the continuation, on reduced funding, of Routes Into Languages in 2011-12, in order to inform subsequent national and institutional initiatives to stimulate demand and maintain adequate provision.

25. 25 Other factors OCR engagement – future of A levels Employability – quantitative 3.5-year data (HESA longitudinal DLHE 2006-07) do not favour language graduates > use qualitative data and year-abroad data (Shaping the Future) Willetts asked UCAS to award higher points to ‘traditional’ (i.e. ‘facilitating’) A levels such as languages, but UCAS declined

26. 26 Future of modern languages? Elite recruitment Wealthier than students in other disciplines Less debt-averse Modern Languages may thrive, for the wrong reasons