1. Dangers of Bread ! When are we going to do something about bread- induced global warming? Sure, we attack tobacco companies, but when is the government going to go after Big Bread? Well, I've done a little research, and what I've discovered should make anyone think twice....

2. More than 98 percent of convicted felons are bread eaters. Fully HALF of all children who grow up in bread-consuming households score below average on standardized tests.

3. In the 18th century, when virtually all bread was baked in the home, the average life expectancy was less than 50 years; infant mortality rates were unacceptably high; many women died in childbirth; and diseases such as typhoid, yellow fever and influenza ravaged whole nations. More than 90 percent of violent crimes are committed within 24 hours of eating bread.

4. Bread is made from a substance called "dough." It has been proven that as little as one pound of dough can be used to suffocate a mouse. The average American eats more bread than that in one month! Primitive tribal societies that have no bread exhibit a low occurrence of cancer, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and osteoporosis.

5. Bread has been proven to be addictive. Subjects deprived of bread and given only water to eat begged for bread after only two days. Bread is often a "gateway" food item, leading the user to "harder" items such as butter, jelly, peanut butter and even cold cuts.

6. Bread has been proven to absorb water. Since the human body is more than 90 percent water, it follows that eating bread could lead to your body being taken over by this absorptive food product, turning you into a soggy, gooey bread-pudding person. Newborn babies can choke on bread.

7. Bread is baked at temperatures as high as 400 degrees Fahrenheit! That kind of heat can kill an adult in less than one minute. Most American bread eaters are utterly unable to distinguish between significant scientific fact and meaningless statistical babbling. In light of these frightening statistics, we propose the following bread restrictions: No sale of bread to minors. No advertising of bread within 1000 feet of a school.

8. A 300 percent federal tax on all bread to pay for all the societal ills we might associate with bread. No animal or human images, nor any primary colors (which may appeal to children) may be used to promote bread usage. A $4.2 zillion fine on the three biggest bread manufacturers

9. THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE General Biology SUNY Orange at S. S. S. I.

10. Transformation of bacteria

11. T4 Bacteriophage http://www.nsf.gov/news /news_videos.jsp?org =NSF&cntn_id=10042 0&media_id=51295 http://www.nsf.gov/news /news_videos.jsp?org =NSF&cntn_id=10042 0&media_id=51295 http://www.scivee.tv/nod e/4634 http://www.scivee.tv/nod e/4634

12. Phages

13. Hershey-Chase experiment: phages Hershey-Chase experiment: phages

14. Hershey-Chase experiment

15. Chargaff’s Rules In any given species examined, amount of A equaled the amount of T Also the amount of G equaled the amount of C However, the ratio of A + T / G + C was unique to each species

16. Watson and Crick

17. James Watson Video

18. Rosalind Franklin and her X-ray diffraction photo of DNA Rosalind Franklin and her X-ray diffraction photo of DNA

19. The structure of a DNA stand

20. Purine and pyridimine

21. Base pairing in DNA

22. The double helix The double helix

23. Three alternative models of DNA replication

24. The Meselson-Stahl experiment

28. Replication Video video

29. DNA replication: the basic concept

33. Origins of replication in eukaryotes

34. Incorporation of a nucleotide into a DNA strand Incorporation of a nucleotide into a DNA strand

35. The two strands of DNA are antiparallel The two strands of DNA are antiparallel

36. What is wrong with this rug?

37. Priming DNA synthesis with RNA Priming DNA synthesis with RNA

38. Synthesis of leading and lagging strands

39. DNA pol III synthesizes leading strand continuously Parental DNA DNA pol III starts DNA synthesis at 3 end of primer, continues in 5  3 direction Lagging strand synthesized in short Okazaki fragments, later joined by DNA ligase Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer 5 3 5 5 5 3 3

40. Overview Origin of replication Leading strand Lagging strand Overall directions of replication Leading strand Lagging strand Helicase Parental DNA DNA pol III PrimerPrimase DNA ligase DNA pol III DNA pol I Single-strand binding protein 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 2 4

41. Replication Video Video BioInteractive

42. Nucleotide excision repair of DNA damage

43. The end-replication problem

44. Telomeres and telomerase

45. Telomeres of mouse chromosomes

46. 30-nm fiber Chromatid (700 nm) LoopsScaffold 300-nm fiber Replicated chromosome (1,400 nm) 30-nm fiber Looped domains (300-nm fiber) Metaphase chromosome

47. DNA double helix (2 nm in diameter) Nucleosome (10 nm in diameter) Histones Histone tail H1 DNA, the double helixHistones Nucleosomes, or “beads on a string” (10-nm fiber)

48. RESULTS Condensin and DNA (yellow) Outline of nucleus Condensin (green) DNA (red at periphery) Normal cell nucleus Mutant cell nucleus

49. Sugar-phosphate backbone Nitrogenous bases Hydrogen bond G C A T G G G A A A T T T C C C

50. Fig. 16-UN4

51. Fig. 16-UN5