1. DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

2. Diabetes Mellitus {sugar diabetes} An ancient disease Names in ancient times by Greek physicians The noted that those with diabetes produced large amounts of urine that attracted bees and other insects

3. Diabetes {to siphon or pass through} Mellitus {honey sweet}

4. Diabetes Mellitus Inadequate insulin activity of the body Due to inadequate production of insulin or to decreased responsiveness of body cells to insulin Insulin is crucial to maintain normal blood glucose levels Insulin allows the body to store glycogen, protein and fat as sources of energy

5. Glucose is especially important for brain cells as this is the only substance the brain cells can utilize for energy

6. Insulin of course is a hormone Hormone Chemical messenger

7. Role of the kidneys Blood is filtered through the gloumeruli Glucose and water pass into the proximal tubule Water and glucose is reabsorbed The amount of glucose reabsorbed is dependent on glucose levels Glucose lost in urine can result in dehydration affecting osmosis

8. Osmosis Water crosses the cell membrane to achieve equivalence on both sides Relative to the kidneys; tubules and surrounding capillaries

9. When glucose spills into the urine: Concentration inside the tubule is higher than that of the capillaries Water follows glucose in urine causing a noted water loss This is called osmotic diuresis Diuresis is the formation and secretion of urine

10. Glycosuria Presence of glucose in urine Creates the sweet urine {Mellitus; honey sweet} With osomotic diuresis, there is also a loss of K +

11. DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS Complications of Type I diabetes Due to decreased insulin intake Marked by: high blood glucose metabolic acidosis coma

12. Serious and potentially life-threatening Insulin deficiency plus increased glucagon activity Glucagon; hormone released by the pancreas to raise blood glucose levels

13. Pathophysiology Ketosis The body uses fat as opposed to glucose as its primary energy source Fatty acids in the blood significantly rise Most of the fatty acid is utilized Some is taken in by liver cells and catoblized

14. Catabolism: Breaking down phase of metabolism The catabolism of fatty acids in the liver produces aceoacetic acid When more is released that the body can use it accumulates in the blood along with… Acetone and B-hydorxybutyric acid

15. Acetone is naturally produced and disposed of in the human body as a result of normal metabolic processes. beta-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-coA and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low

16. Acetoacedic acid Acetone B-hydroxybutyric acid collectively called ketone bodies Significant quantities in the blood is called… KETOSIS; hence……..

17. DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS or DIBETIC COMA

18. In the initial phase acute hyperglycemia Body cells cannot take in glucose Gluconeogenesis contributes more blood glucose Loss of glucose in urine + osmotic diuresis causes severe dehydration As the body Δs to fat-based metabolism, level of ketones rise

19. Gluconeogenesis The compensatory mechanism within the cells to combat low glucose levels

20. The ketone load accounts for the acidosis When the pH decreases to about 6.9 the patient is hours from death

21. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Onset is slow 12 to 24 hours Increased urinary output Dry, warm skin Hunger and thirst General malaise

22. Tachycardia|volume Weakness|depletion Kussmauls Respirations Rapid, deep breathing in an attempt to expel CO 2 Fruity odor on the breath Some acetone is expelled through the lungs

23. Cardiovascular System Pulse Blood pressure Rapid Low Respiratory System Rate Breath Odor Exaggerated air hunger Acetone Nervous System Mental StatusRestless to Unconscious Gastrointestinal System Mouth Thirst Vomiting Abdominal Pain Dry Intense Common Frequent Ocular System VisionDim

24. Assessment of a patient with AMS or is Unconscious