2. RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
An Introduction

3. Nose/mouth – pharynx/oropharynx – Larynx – Trachea – Bronchi – Bronchioles – Lungs- Alveoli

4. The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm moves slightly downward, the ribs move upward/outward and air flows into the lungs
Inhalation
Exhalation is the reverse
ALL IS NORMAL BASED ON………

5. Rate Rhythm Quality Depth
12-20 regular breath adequate
sounds
Skin is warm/pink/dry

6. Minute Volume
Delete Note

7. Normal Minute Volume
12bpm x 500 mL – 150 mL/bpm dead space=
5850mL/minute

8. INADEQUATE BREATHING
Respiratory Distress
Respiratory Failure
Respiratory Arrest

9. Inadequate Breathing Defined
DELETE NOTE

10. Signs of Inadequate Breathing
DELETE NOTES

11. Respiratory Distress
DELETE NOTE

12. Respiratory Failure
DELETE NOTE

13. Respiratory Arrest

14. 12-20 Regular Depth (minute volume)
Patient Assessment
Rate Rhythm Quality
12-20 Regular Depth (minute volume)
None
Too Fast
Too Slow

15. Oxygen Therapy
Nasal Canulae
Non-Rebreather

16. Oxygen Therapy (administration)
Examples requiring O2 administration:
Respiratory or cardiac arrest
Heart attack
Stroke
Shock
Blood loss
Lung disease
Broken bones
Head injuries

17. Hypoxia
Deprivation of adequate supply of oxygen
Anoxia
Complete deprivation of oxygen

18. Hypoxemia
decreased partial pressure of oxygen in blood, sometimes specifically as less than 60 mmHg
Hypoxemia is different from hypoxia, which is an abnormally low oxygen availability to the body or an individual tissue or organ. Still, hypoxia can be caused by hypoxemia, and such hypoxia is referred to as hypoxemic hypoxia
Can be cause by

19. Alveolar hypoventilation
If the alveolar ventilation is low, there may be insufficient oxygen delivered to the alveoli each minute. This can cause hypoxemia even if the lungs are normal, as the cause may be outside the lungs (e.g., airway obstruction, depression of the brain's respiratory center, or muscular weakness).

20. Hypoxia vs. hypoxemia
Hypoxia differs from hypoxemia. In the latter, the oxygen concentration within the arterial blood is abnormally low. It is possible to experience hypoxia and have a low oxygen content (e.g., due to anemia) but maintain high oxygen partial pressure (pO2). Incorrect use of these terms can lead to confusion, especially as hypoxemia is among the causes of hypoxia (in hypoxemic hypoxia).

21. Partial pressure
In a mixture of ideal gasses, each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume

22. Breathing Difficulties
Signs and Symptoms
Shortness of breath
Tightness in the chest
Restlessness
Increased pulse rate
Decreased pulse rate (especially in infants and children)
Changes in breathing rate/rhythm

23. Pale, cyanotic or flushed skin
Noisy breathing
Inability to speak in full sentences
Use of accessory muscles
Retractions
AMS
Coughing
Flared nostrils; pursed lips
Positioning
Barrel chest

24. Focused History and Physical Exam
O P Q R S T
Lung sounds
Care
Oxygen administration

25. Respiratory Conditions
COPD
Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
Black Lung
CHF
Hypoxic Drive
NEVER WITHHOLD OXYGEN

26. Asthma
Seen in young and old alike
Episodic disease
May be triggered by an allergic reaction

27. When an attack occurs
Small bronchioles become narrow
Overproduction of thick mucus
Small passages practically shut down
Flow restricted in one direction
Expiratory wheezes
Air is trapped in the lungs

28. Assisting with the Inhaler
The drug is in the form of a fine powder that become active when comes in contact with lung tissue
Calm your patient
Administration check list
Right patient
Right medication
Right dose
Right route
Check expiration date

29. Shake inhaler vigorously several times
Make sure patient is alert enough to properly use
Make sure patient exhales deeply
Inhale deeply as Inhaler is administered
Hold breath as long as possible