1. http://www.esi.utexas.edu/gk12/work shops/gis/docs/projections.ppt

2. Geodesy, Map Projections and Coordinate Systems Barbara Parmenter The University of Texas at Austin Additional slides andgraphics provided with permission from Professor David Maidment, The University of Texas at Austin

3. Geodesy, Map Projections and Coordinate Systems Geodesy - the shape of the earth and definition of earth datums Map Projection - the transformation of a curved earth to a flat map Coordinate systems - (x,y) coordinate systems for map data

4. Types of Coordinate Systems Geographic coordinates ( , z) Projected coordinates (x, y, z) on a local area of the earth’s surface

5. Shape of the Earth We think of the earth as a sphere It is actually a spheroid, slightly larger in radius at the equator than at the poles

6. The shape of the earth the spheroid is still an approximation to the earth’s actual shape the earth is larger in the southern hemisphere, and has other smaller bulges Earth surface Ellipsoid Sea surface Geoid

7. Representations of the Earth Earth surface Ellipsoid Sea surface Geoid Mean Sea Level is a surface of constant gravitational potential called the Geoid

8. For accurate mapping: Different spheroids are used in different regions, each chosen to fit the observed datum of each region Accurate conversion between latitude and longitude and projected coordinates requires knowledge of the specific figures of the earth that have been used The actual shape of the earth can now be determined quite accurately by observing satellite orbits

9. Geodetic datums Define the reference systems that describe the size and shape of the earth Hundreds of different datums have been used to frame position descriptions Datums have evolved from those describing a spherical earth to ellipsoidal models derived from years of satellite measurements.

10. Geodetic datums Referencing geodetic coordinates to the wrong datum can result in position errors of hundreds of meters. Different nations and agencies use different datums as the basis for coordinate systems used to identify positions The diversity of datums in use today requires careful datum selection and careful conversion between coordinates in different datums.

11. Geodetic datums Some geodetic datums are based on ellipsoids that touch the surface of the earth at a defined point. North American Datum 1927 (NAD27) - tangent point in Kansas. NAD27- NOT a global datum. Karbala datum for Iraq Other datums are "topocentric" datums with a reference ellipsoid that has its center at the center of mass of the earth. Word Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84) is an example of a global datum. These global datums can be better fits to the gravity surface for the entire earth but can be less accurate in specific areas.

12. Geodesy and Map Projections Geodesy - the shape of the earth and definition of earth datums Map Projection - the transformation of a curved earth to a flat map Coordinate systems - (x,y) coordinate systems for map data

13. Earth to Globe to Map =

14. Geographic and Projected Coordinates (  ) (x, y) Map Projection

15. All projections have distortions Shape Area Distance Direction Angle

16. Projections Preserve Some Earth Properties Area - correct earth surface area (Albers Equal Area) important for mass balances Shape - local angles are shown correctly (Lambert Conformal Conic) Direction - all directions are shown correctly relative to the center (Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area) Distance - preserved along particular lines Some projections preserve two properties

17. Types of Projections Conic (Albers Equal Area, Lambert Conformal Conic) - good for East-West land areas Cylindrical (Transverse Mercator) - good for North-South land areas Azimuthal (Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area) - good for global views

18. Conic Projections (Albers, Lambert)

19. Cylindrical Projections (Mercator) Transverse Oblique

20. Azimuthal (Lambert)

21. Geodesy and Map Projections Geodesy - the shape of the earth and definition of earth datums Map Projection - the transformation of a curved earth to a flat map Coordinate systems - (x,y) coordinate systems for map data

22. Coordinate System (  o, o ) (x o,y o ) X Y Origin A planar coordinate system is defined by a pair of orthogonal (x,y) axes drawn through an origin

23. Universal Transverse Mercator Uses the Transverse Mercator projection Each zone has a Central Meridian ( o ), zones are 6° wide, and go from pole to pole 60 zones cover the earth from East to West Reference Latitude (  o ), is the equator (Xshift, Yshift) = (x o,y o ) = (500000, 0) in the Northern Hemisphere, units are meters

24. UTM Zone 14 Equator -120° -90 ° -60 ° -102°-96° -99° Origin 6°

25. Summary Concepts To prepare a map, the earth is first reduced to a globe and then projected onto a flat surface Three basic types of map projections: conic, cylindrical and azimuthal A particular projection is defined by a datum, a projection type and a set of projection parameters

26. Summary Concepts (Cont.) Standard coordinate systems use particular projections over zones of the earth’s surface Types of standard coordinate systems in US: UTM, State Plane