1. Popularizing Empire at home making a nation How was it perceived at home/cultures of empire? And by whom? And how do we know?

2. Defense of the Realm in general terms small army relatively small military expenditures larger, important navy:protect commercial interests facilitate new trade move troops blockade ports police the Channel and the North Sea ensures → isolationism

3. Did Empire pay? …. Cyprus:too shallow harbor not adequate protection embroiled in local politics (to today, in fact) Egypt:ensured Canal access but embroiled in local religio-national conflicts costly wars further south soured relations with French and others Africa (elsewhere):S. Africa enriched individuals and Co. deteriorating relations and costly India:soured relations with Russia – costly wars

4. No more than the imperial attitude had earlier in the century India:territories grabbed (i.e. Sindh) PECCAVI in fact not cheap to maintain, necessarily further expansion to protect initial war against Muslim Princes returned to subdue Sikh ‘rebellion’ discontent contributed to 1857 Mutiny Charles James Napier (1782-1853) White dominions:settlers cause problems Ilbert Bill (1883) in India

5. Empire popularity: so what does turn people on to Empire? patriotism, nationalism and militarism leisure time literacy reading material: The Bow Bells (families) popular news ‘penny dreadfuls’ boy’s literature prize books

6. and, there’s lots of it… and even for girls

7. Empire popularity: how ‘real’ was it? popular songs and hymns “red and yellow black and white, they are precious in His sight…” lantern slides music performances sport ‘it’s cricket’ “the Ashes”

8. Empire popularity: how ‘real’ was it? product marketing nineteenth century British industry needed Empire FOR raw materials consumers (we’ve seen) Trocar (medical tool) ivory and it sells

9. ‘empire building work of the best kind’

10. Empire as valve: 10 million people 1870-1914 poorly paid labourers with chance for better wages elsewhere trade unions encouraged and aided Dr. Barnardos and other charitable organizations female emigration ‘schemes’ more able and discontent – transformed into British expats military, missionaries, scientists, sport public school administrators ‘remittance’ men

17. An Empire Christmas Pudding: 5 lbs. of currants—AUSTRALIA 5 lbs. of sultanas—AUSTRALIA 5 lbs. of stoned raisins—SOUTH AFRICA 1½ lbs. of minced apple—CANADA 5 lbs. of bread crumbs—UNITED KINGDOM 5 lbs. of beef suet—NEW ZEALAND 2 lbs. of cut candied peel—SOUTH AFRICA 2½ lbs. of flour—UNITED KINGDOM 2½ lbs. of demarara sugar—WEST INDIES 20 eggs—IRISH FREE STATE 2 ozs. ground cinnamon—CEYLON 1½ ozs. ground cloves—ZANZIBAR 1½ ozs. ground nutmegs—STRAITS SETTLEMENTS 1 teaspoonful pudding spice—INDIA 1 gill brandy—CYPRUS 2 gills rum—JAMAICA 2 quarts old beer—ENGLAND

18. Translating the idea of Empire into action regular army Volunteer Corps (1859):¼ million men in 1880s 70% working class by 1900 Youth organizations: cadet corps Boy’s Brigade (1883) Church Lad’s Brigade (1891) Boy Scouts (1907) Girl Guides (1910) Lord Baden-Powell and Mafeking Scouts

20. Exporting a military- national identity Chinese Presbyterian Church, 1930 (Victoria) HMS Crichton

21. Easy today to find a critical voice but don’t try to get rid of the busbies …