1. Congress of Vienna

2. The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

3. Coin Commemorating the Opening of the Congress of Vienna

4. Main Objectives eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. eSupported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict. eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. eSupported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

5. Goal 1 – Containment of France Prevent French aggression by surrounding the country with strong countries.  Created the Kingdom of the Netherlands  Combined 39 German states into the German Confederation (dominated by Austria)  Switzerland now independent nation  Kingdom of Sardinia (in Italy) adds Genoa

6. The Germanic Confederation, 1815

7. Goal 2 - Balance of Power  Did not severely punish France – might try to seek revenge  Do not break up the country – that could lead to another country becoming too strong  France is a major, but weakened European nation.  No Country Could Easily Overpower Another

8. Goal 3 – Legitimate Governments Return the monarchs to power in the countries in which Napoleon drove them out. The members of the Congress believed this would stabilize political relations among nations

9. Compensation and Legitimacy Compensation –Napoleon’s enemies rewarded with land –Other nations compensated for land taken –Redrew the map of Europe Legitimacy –Restoration of pre-Napoleon rulers –House of Bourbon – France, Spain, and the two Sicilies –House of Braganza – Portugal –House of Orange – Netherlands –House of Savoy – Sardinia –German princes – territories in the Confederation of the Rhine –Pope and Catholic Church – Papal States

10. Key Players at Vienna Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.)

11. Metternich “The first and greatest concern for the immense majority of every nation is the stability of laws – never their change.”

12. Of course, there were hundreds of other minor princes, dukes, barons, and religious leaders all meeting in Vienna. They went to party after party. During the night they danced with great beauties—but during the day, they negotiated for their separate countries.

15. Key Principles Established at Vienna VBalance of Power VLegitimacy VCompensation VBalance of Power VLegitimacy VCompensation eCoalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. eFrance would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs. eCoalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. eFrance would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

16. Territorial Changes Austria gained Lombardy, Modena, Parma, Tuscany, and Venetia (all are areas in Italy) England gained Cape Colony, Ceylon, Heligoland, Guiana, and Malta (areas in Africa, the Americas, and Asia) Holland gained Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) Prussia gained part of Poland, land along the Rhine River, 40% of Saxony, Swedish Pomerania, and Westphalia Russia gained Finland and part of Poland Sweden gained Norway

17. Changes Made at Vienna (2) VNorway and Sweden were joined. VThe neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed. VHanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom. VBritain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. VSardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa. VThe Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies. VThe Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise. VThe slave trade was condemned (at British urging). VFreedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.

18. France’s borders were reduced to those of pre-revolutionary France (1789)

19. Fate of Nationalism People had no say over territorial changes Language, nationality, and religion weren’t taken into consideration Ideas of democracy and self-government were rejected by European leadership

20. Italy remained a mix of Kingdoms, Republics and the Papal States.

21. Louis XVIII of France No more divine right of kings Charter (Constitution) granted in 1814 Could not restore feudalism and serfdom Continuing religious toleration guaranteed

22. Quadruple and Holy Alliances Metternich desired to maintain the status quo and make the Vienna treaties permanent Quadruple Alliance of 1815 – Austria, England, Prussia, and Russia – France joined in 1818 – Pledged to put down democratic or nationalistic revolts Holy Alliance – Organized by Tsar Alexander I of Russia – Most European monarchs joined – Pledged to govern with charity, justice, and peace But none of them did so

23. Results of the Congress of Vienna Concert of Europe – group of leading nations which periodically met to discuss issues regarding stability Temporary suppression of democratic and nationalistic ideals International peace – no general war in Europe until World War I a hundred years later –Crimean War (1854-1856) –Austro-Prussian War (1866) –Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

24. Europe After the Congress of Vienna