1. Immigration and Urbanization: America is growing

2. Gilded Age in American History
Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner
Record economic and population growth after the Civil War
US economy grew at fastest rate in American history
New inventions
Titans of industry->aides America becoming an industrial center
Required more workers-> turned to immigrant labor
Ended with Panic of 1893 and ushering in of the Progressive Era

3. Why Come to America?
Immigrants- somebody who leaves their home country to live in another country
Key Idea: America could offer them something
they could not have access to in their home country.
**American Dream**
Economic opportunities
Job, food, modern technology, etc.
Unrest in home country
Violence, famine, religion etc.
Family already in America
“Birds of Passage”
Low cost of coming to America -> steam ship

4. Immigration by Area: Europe
million Europeans
Before 1890->West and Northern Europe
After > Central and Eastern Europe
What led to such an increase in number of immigrants coming from Europe?

5. Immigration by Area: Europe
Ellis Island
An immigration station in New York Harbor
Not every immigrant was admitted (disease, criminal records, money/job)
17 million immigrants passed through
Closed in 1954, now a museum
Clip on Ellis Island

6. Ellis Island circa 1900’s

7. Ellis Island Museum: Present Day

8. Immigration by Area: Asia
about 300,000 Chinese immigrated
Gold and railroads
By 1920 more than 200,000 Japanese lived on the West Coast (California mainly)
Due to annexation of Hawaii which had many Japanese laborers b/c of Dole fruits.

9. Immigration by Area: Asia
Angel Island
An immigration station in San Francisco Bay
> 50,000 Chinese
Treatment: harsh and often detained

10. Angel Island circa 1916

12. Interrogation:

13. Angel Island Quarantine Station
Angel Island Quarantine Station. In 1892, the Quarantine Station was opened at Ayala Cove (then known as Hospital Cove), where ships from foreign ports could be fumigated, and immigrants suspected of carrying diseases could be kept in isolation. The warship USS Omaha was borrowed form the Navy in 1893 and its boilers used to supply superheated steam for fumigation. The 40 buildings at the cove included a 400-bed detention barracks, a disinfecting plant, laboratories, and quarters for employees.

14. A Day in the Life of a New Immigrant:
Imagine you go to a foreign country and have to provide for the following on your own!
Language barrier
Living arrangements
Jobs/money
Food, clothing, basic items

15. Idea of Nativism
Nativists- supported American born people, mainly against immigrants
believed that immigrants brought European radicalism with them to America
blamed the newcomers for instigating the labor unrest that characterized much of the period.
Immigrants hold on to beliefs/customs. Against idea of melting pot
Social Darwinism with races
Eugenics: Europeans the greatest race

18. Nativist Groups: American Protective Association (APA)
1887: papal conspiracy against liberty
Against Roman Catholics (mainly those coming from Eastern and Central Europe)
Immigration Restriction League
1894: America should be populated with people of Germanic origins because of their energy and intelligence.
Organized by Harvard graduates

19. APA Poster

21. Restrictions on Immigration:
Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882
Resulted from many workers and labor unions in the west concerned about job competition
Banned all Chinese immigrants except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials
Lasted till 1943
Gentlemen’s Agreement: 1907
Prior to agreement Japanese children were being forced to attend segregated school in San Francisco
Limited emigration of Japanese unskilled workers to US in exchange for repeal of segregation in schools.

22. Political Cartoons of Discrimination
Thomas Nast
German-American editorial cartoonist
Drew Uncle Sam and Santa Claus
Famous for commentary on Gilded Age

23. "The Chinese Question. " (February 18, 1871). Thomas Nast
"The Chinese Question." (February 18, 1871). Thomas Nast. (Columbia defends disconsolae John Chinaman from nativist Attacks)

26. Circa 1889

28. People Move to Major Cities:
Urbanization
Growth of cities in Midwest and Northeast
Why?
1)Farming more efficient (less jobs on farms)
2)African Americans move from South
3)Immigrants live in cities (cheapest & convenient)
By x as many Irish in NYC than in Dublin, Ireland
By 1910 immigrants were more than half of total population in 18 major US cities
Ethnic communities develop in cities

30. Challenges of City Life: Disease and Fire
Housing issues
Many middle class families left cities as a result of mass transit systems
As a result, their old houses were often divided up for multiple families
Tenements
Airshafts filled with garbage
Drinking water
Development of piped water and filtered water slow to come in larger cities
Unclean water: cholera and typhoid fever
Typhoid fever spread through drinking water or eating food contaminated with feces of an infected person. Cholera is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Spread through contaminated drinking water of food. Can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration.

31. Challenges of City Life: Disease and Fire
Lack of Sanitation (spread disease)
Sewage often in streets
Smoke from factories unfiltered
Garbage in streets
Fires Spread Easily
Buildings made of wood
Lighting by candles and kerosene in homes
Frequent occurrences in large cities (1870s-1880s)
1871: Great Chicago Fire
Lack of fire departments till 1900
Chicago rebuilds buildings with steel instead of wood.

34. Living Conditions of Immigrants and Urban Poor
Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives 1890
Riis's reform argument targeted six major areas: men, women, children, workplaces, living and housing conditions, and improvements, real and imagined.
Inspired investigative journalism
Tenement Housing and slums
Crime, disease, fires
Clip on Jacob Riis
For following photos…
Write the one adjective that comes to mind to describe the condition of the people portrayed.

35. Photo by Jacob Riis portraying tenements

36. Entitled “Children Sleeping in Mulberry Street” 1890

37. Entitled “A Cave Dwellar, One of 4 Peddlars Who Slept” 1890

39. Homeless Children, 1890

41. Living Conditions for women

42. Tenement housing from the outside view

43. Society Assists Urban Poor and Immigrants:
Americanization Movement
Attempt to give immigrants opportunities such as classes in English to help them assimilate.
Social Gospel Movement
Salvation through service to urban poor : Protestant ethics
Later contributed to Progressive Movement in early 1900s

44. Jane Addams Inspired middle class women to get involved in community
Basis: Believe that poverty and the lack of opportunity breed the problems of the ghetto. Ignorance, disease, and crime are the result of economic desperation and not the result of some flaw in moral character.
First woman to win Nobel Peace Prize

45. Jane Addams
Hull House Chicago, Illinois
Founded 1889

46. Jane Addams: Founder of Hull House
Settlement houses
Community centers in urban, slum areas
Toynbee Hall: London, England
Purpose: social responsibility taken for urban poor
Hull House: Chicago
Paid for by her inheritance
One of first American settlement houses
Assisted many immigrants and brought attention to problems of urbanization
Offered dance, school, day-care, music, health services, etc.