1. Proposal for a Research Infrastructure for Advanced Aerosol Observations and Capacity Building in China Alfred WIEDENSOHLER Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany ASEM Seminar, Beijing Oct. 22-12, 2013

2. TROPOS Cooperation in China TROPOS has close research cooperation with China since 2004: -Peking University, College of Environmental Science & Technology -Peking University, Atmospheric Physics -CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences -Peking University Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, We participated is several major fields study: -Pearl River Delta study 2004 -Beijing study 2005 (NFSC & DFG project) -Pearl River Delta study 2006 -CAREBeijing 2006 -Haze in China 2009 (NFSC & DFG project) -CAREBejing & NCP 2013 (Sino-German Science Center project) In total, our group has 49 joint publications with our Chinese partners

3. Introduction Aerosol

4. Particle size range:0.001 µm to 100 µm Coarse Particles:> 1 µm in diameter primary: sea-salt, mineral dust, biological Fine Particles: < 1 µm in diameter secondary: condensation (SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, OC) combustion:EC, OC Ultrafine Particles:< 0.1 µm in diameter secondary: nucleation (SO 4 2- ) secondary: condensation (SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, OC) combustion: EC, OC

5. Climate Effects of Aerosol and Clouds  Aerosol particle increase the backscatter of the solar radiation. -  Soot lead to an increase absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere. +  Low clouds increase the backscatter of the solar radiation. -  High altitude ice clouds anticipate the emission of terrestrial radiation. +

6. Health-Relevant Aerosol Fractions Combustion aerosol: Traffic Industry Domestic heating Sulfates Nitrates OC Biological particles Mineral dust 20% Highly toxic (PAHs and metals) 80% Less or non-toxic Wichmann, 2011

7. Health Impact of Ultrafine Particle 7 inflammationtranslocation neurohumorale mechanisms Coarse and fine particles ultrafine particles

8. Problem: Aerosol Pollution in China  Strong economic increase and development of the living standard.  High aerosol pollution over large areas in China.

9. Needs in Aerosol Research in China I.Emission reductions of particulate matter and reactive trace gases based on scenarios of aerosol model. II.Field studies to better understand specific atmospheric aerosol processes, specific parameters, and transport. III.Development of a highly quality-assured nation-wide research infrastructure network and coordinated capacity building. IV.Test and validation of aerosol climate and air quality models with advanced observations.

10. Aerosol Pollution is China – Is there a Way out?  A continuous growth of China’s economy and an improving living standard is expected for the next decade.  An increase in economy and living standard goes along increase in energy consumption and possible further emissions.  A meaningful emission reduction can only be obtained emission reduction scenarios, which could show balance costs and benefits.  Validated chemical aerosol transport model could provide these scenarios.  One needs however a research infrastructure providing long- term highly quality-assured data to validate of these models.

11. ACTRIS Network ACTRIS partner stations

12. EU-ACTRIS - Scientific Aerosol Infrastructure Network  ACTRIS has more than 50 scientific ground-based stations for in- situ and lidar aerosol measurements.  In-situ: Size distribution, light scattering and absorption, EC/OC, CCN, organic tracers, mass concentration  Lidar: vertical distribution of light extinction, polarization etc.  Scientific institutes and universities are responsible to keep the data quality high.  Free access of the data (GAW - World Data Center for Aerosols)

13. EU-ACTRIS - Scientific Aerosol Infrastructure Network The ACTRIS community provides knowledge transfer:  European and international-wide  Education of young scientists and technical staff  Standardization of measurements and sampling  Quality assurance by the WCCAP at TROPOS (WMO-GAW World Calibration Center of Aerosol Physics)

14. Scientific Intensive Studies Process studies should be done in all sensitive regions: Climate-relevant studies Secondary aerosol  nucleation and growth, chemical composition Black carbon  mixing state, vertical distribution Hygroscopicity  hygroscopic growth, mixing state Optical properties  vertical distribution, single scattering albedo, etc. Health-related studies Ultrafine particles  insoluble particles Black carbon  number and mass size distribution Metals, PAH, etc.  mass concentrations

15. Fast Particle Growth in China Wiedensohler et al., JGR, 2009

16. Hygroscopic Growth in China

17. Observational and Emission Reduction Strategy Aerosol climate and air quality model Emission reduction of particle matter and trace gases Advanced aerosol infrastructure network Governmental contributing observational networks Air Pollution Capacity building & technology transfer (i.e. ACTRIS)

18. Summary and Benefits  A coordinated research infrastructure in China would help to understand better the current situation and long-term trend of the aerosol pollution  Chinese research may have to be increasingly encouraged to cooperate multidisciplinary in atmospheric aerosol science.  One has to establish centers to coordinate the harmonization of measurements and data quality, possibly adopting European and international standardizations.  A coordinated capacity building in atmosphere aerosol science and especially in technology is essential to obtain high quality data  With the help of such an advanced aerosol research infrastructure, chemical aerosol transport models can be increasingly better validated.  Chemical aerosol transport models are the basis for efficient emissions reduction scenarios.

19. Thank you very much for your attention I would be happy to answer question and also be part of the future strategy. ACTRIS station BEO Moussala Bulgaria