1. HOSHIKAWA Keisuke Center for Integrated Area Studies Kyoto University, Japan PNC 2011 Annual Conference and Joint Meetings Thamnop Irrigation and Natural Hydrology in Northeast Thailand FUKUI Hayao Faculty of Agriculture Khon Kaen University, Thailand

2. Northeast Thailand: a rain-fed rice cultivation area Rice planted area Rice production Irrigation project area/rice cultivation area However, Northeast Thailand also has history and tradition of irrigation for rice cultivation. It was widely practiced before the expansion of rice area. Still in use.

3. How is Thamnop irrigation? “…paddy fields in Phanchana District mostly depend on water from thamnop as this district has many streams. Lam Chiang Krai River is one of the most important streams. Some thamnop on it are supplying water to paddy fields. If there are no thamnop in the district, rice cultivation should depend only on rainfall, and transplantation has not finished by until this month…” Report of Ministry of Agriculture in 1912 (KS13/743 ) How is the thamnop irrigaion that played important roles in rice cultivation in the past? Thamnop ( ทำนบ ): dike, dam, embankment, weir “Structures that block stream flow and prevent water from flowing downstream ( สิ่งก่อสร้างกั้นลำน้ำไม่ใหล ผ่าน )”

4. Topics How is thamnop irrigation? How does it work? – Structure and function different from “ordinary” irrigation weirs Why thamnop? – Local hydrological environment and thamnop

5. Earthen weir that block up rivers completely How is Thamop? Thamnop Nonburi Surin Province, Thailand Especially seen in Southern part of Northeast Thai and around Siemriap, Cambodia

6. Thamnop Khon Muang Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand

7. Blocked rivers sometimes make a detour channels Buriram Province Thailand

8. Former river channel

9. Thumnup (Thamnop) around Ankor Wat Angkor Wat West Barai East Barai

10. North of West Barai

14. Stream flow is blocked completely with an embankment longer than width of river channel Characteristics of Thamnop Almost whole stream water directly flows into paddy fields around thamnop Flooded water reaches sometimes several kilometers from a thamnop

15. Characteristics of Thamnop irrigation systems Structure They block up streams completely with embankments that are often several times longer than width of river channels. No water gate to regulate water intake. Function Quantity of water intake is not controllable. It depends on amount of river runoff. As a consequence, thamnop often make flood damage on rice plants.

16. They sometimes cause flood damage on rice plants. Characteristics of Thamnop

17. Image search for “weir” File:Revin Meuse weir 20041230- 024.jpg From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia “Ordinary” weirs: raise and maintain river water level, but not block flow completely (allow overflow) “Ordinary” weir

18. “Ordinary” diversion weir Weir that can release excess water Water gate that regulate quantity of water intake Diversion channel to send water to paddy fields Spillway along a diversion canal to discharge excess water in a channel Sophisticated system to take stable (or intended) amount of water from rivers “Ordinary” weir

19. Traditional weir irrigation system “Ordinary” weir Myanmar, Jan 2003 Design and functions are basically same.

20. Spatial distribution of Thamnop irrigation 0m 900m Weir irrigation thamnop Thamnop are constructed along “montainless” rivers

21. Hydrology of mountainless rivers Runoff velocity Sensitivity to rainfall Runoff ratio (runoff/rain) Shape of peaks Rivers in plain areas (thamnop) Low Gradual low peaks Rivers in mountainous areas (weir irrigation) High Sharp high peaks Why thamnop? Evaporation Runoff (observed) Rainfall Runoff (initial) Runoff ratio = Runoff/Rainfall

22. Hydrology of mountainless rivers Runoff velocity Sensitivity to rainfall Runoff ratio (runoff/rain) Shape of peaks Rivers in plain areas (thamnop) Low Gradual low peaks Rivers in mountainous areas (weir irrigation) High Sharp high peaks Daily runoff (m3/s) Precipitation (mm/d) 1995 Precipitation Runoff Mun Riv., Northeast Thai (thamnop) 390km2 (M101) Annual prec:1180mm Annual runoff:233mm Runoff ratio:0.20 Ping Riv., North Thai (weir irrigation) 515 km2 (P021) Annual prec:1180mm Annual runoff:369mm Runoff ratio:0.31 Why thamnop?

23. Quick runoff and slow runoff Rainfall Quick runoff (surface runoff) Slow runoff (subsurface) Stream Base runoff Peak runoff Rainfall Runoff Why thamnop?

24. Hydrology of a weir irrigation river Runoff consists of peak flow and base flow. Stable and rich base flow. There is no reason to dare to use peak runoff, as peaks are sharp and short lasting. Why thamnop?

25. Hydrology of a thamnop irrigation river Difficult to separate base flow and peak flow because of long lasting low peaks and unstable base flow Water resource is rather limited because of low runoff ratio. It is better to take whole runoff at every moment Why thamnop?

26. Conclusions Thamnop irrigation much depends on river runoff. This does not mean that thamnop irrigation is less efficient than weir irrigation. The thamnop irrigation system is well designed by local people for mountailess rivers.