1. Gender Typing

2.  Gender Intensification: increased stereotyping of attitudes and behavior  Stronger for girls  Puberty  appearance  self-thought  Dating  increased intensification  Androgynous adolescents  more self confident, better liked, identity achieved

3. The Family  Autonomy-a sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual.  Parent-child relationship  Balance between connection & separation  Separation-individuation continuum  Sense of self and family connection  Disrupted behavior, rejection of family and societal norms, suicide  most common reason?  De-idealized parents and parental authority  Different perspectives  disagreements  Parent-child conflict?  Parental life transitions (i.e., end of parenthood)

4. Autonomy Revisited  Emotional Autonomy- Own emotional strength  Behavioral Autonomy- Own behavior/ decisions/affairs  X-Culturally- Sparks fly!  Small sparks

5. Disagreements  Parents- Social-conventional lens; personal responsibility  Adolescent-Infringement  Parents lessen reigns from dominance to equality, while adolescents remain assertive  X-Culturally  Asian-American parents  Depression

6. Encouraging Autonomy  Cutting emotional cords  High conflict-non-supportive relationships  Warm reception and supportive environment  Close attachments  Authoritative parenting- Acceptance and pattern of flexible control: lax/restrictive  Negative parent reactions  Permissive  Authoritarian-Coercive parent control  Reciprocal influence

7. Family Circumstances  Parents who are financially secure, invested in work/home, happy marriage  grant more autonomy  Seriously troubled relationships: less than 10%- Stem from childhood  Siblings  Positive bond early  greater affection in teenage years  More egalitarian

8. Peer Relations  Harlow???  18 non school hours/week  Friendship characteristics  Psychological intimacy  Loyalty  Similar in age, sex, ethnicity, social class, attitudes and values  Sex differences in friendships  Emotional closeness  Androgynous boys are just as likely compared to boys who identify strongly with masculine role

9. Friendships cont.  Benefits:  Opportunities to explore the self and develop a deep understanding of another  “Guardian Angels” of Ego dev and Individuation  Deal with stress of adolescence  Improve attitudes toward school

10. Cliques and Crowds  Peer groups much more common in adolescence  Clique: 5-7 members, close friends  Crowd: large, loosely organized group of several cliques w/ similar normative characteristics- What are some of these?  Clique provides context for new social skills and experimenting with roles without adult supervision  Crowd provides the individual identity within the larger school social structure  As dating increases, boys’ and girls’ cliques come together, though their importance (cliques and crowds) decreases

11. Peer Conformity  Process varying with age, need for social approval, and situational variables\  “cool” middle schooler at HS football game  “nobody” high schooler at HS football game  Greater than any other period  Extreme parents tend to have highly peer oriented children