1. Admin

2. Review

3. Lesson 4: The United States Navy 1815-1844: Protector of Commerce

4. Learning Objectives Comprehend the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of diplomacy.Comprehend the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of diplomacy. Know the state of naval technology and its evolution during this period.Know the state of naval technology and its evolution during this period. Know U.S. naval policy as a reflection of the period of 1815-1844.Know U.S. naval policy as a reflection of the period of 1815-1844. Comprehend the Wilkes expedition and assess its importance to U.S maritime interests.Comprehend the Wilkes expedition and assess its importance to U.S maritime interests.

5. Remember our Themes! The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign PolicyThe Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy Interaction between Congress and the NavyInteraction between Congress and the Navy Interservice RelationsInterservice Relations TechnologyTechnology LeadershipLeadership Strategy and TacticsStrategy and Tactics Evolution of Naval DoctrineEvolution of Naval Doctrine

6. Period of Expansion Monroe Doctrine -- 1823Monroe Doctrine -- 1823 –No European colonization or intervention in the Americas. Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny –“Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” » John L. O'Sullivan, 1845

7. Anglo-American Friendship Monroe Doctrine sprung from British interest to prevent Holy Alliance (Prussia, Russia, Austria) from grabbing Spanish coloniesMonroe Doctrine sprung from British interest to prevent Holy Alliance (Prussia, Russia, Austria) from grabbing Spanish colonies Began to see eye-to-eye with erstwhile Mother CountryBegan to see eye-to-eye with erstwhile Mother Country Love, peace, and harmony…kind ofLove, peace, and harmony…kind of

8. Barbary Wrap-Up p.60 Algerian Dey up to old tricksAlgerian Dey up to old tricks Madison sends Decatur back to Med after Treaty of GhentMadison sends Decatur back to Med after Treaty of Ghent “Gunboat Diplomacy”“Gunboat Diplomacy”

9. Monroe’s “Gunboat Diplomacy” Increase in SizeIncrease in Size Anglo-American CooperationAnglo-American Cooperation Monroe Doctrine (1823)Monroe Doctrine (1823) Squadron DeploymentSquadron Deployment From periodic scourge to worldwide policemanFrom periodic scourge to worldwide policeman

10. Board of Commissioners Secretary of Navy William Jones overwhelmed with paperwork during War of 1812Secretary of Navy William Jones overwhelmed with paperwork during War of 1812 Asked Congress to establish three officer “advisory board”Asked Congress to establish three officer “advisory board” Congress does so in 1815Congress does so in 1815 –John Rodgers –Isaac Hull –David Porter

11. Naval Warfighting Doctrine Primary mission of the Navy = “Gunboat Diplomacy”.Primary mission of the Navy = “Gunboat Diplomacy”. –Protect U. S. commercial interests overseas - “Showing the flag.” Overall DoctrineOverall Doctrine –Focus on Commerce Raiding - “Guerre de Course”. –Command of the sea -- de-emphasized. –Coastal defense - Army forts constructed at entrances to ports.

12. Distant Stations p.65 MediterraneanMediterranean West IndiaWest India East IndiaEast India BrazilianBrazilian E PacificE Pacific N PacificN Pacific AfricaAfrica HomeHome

13. Jackson’s Naval Diplomacy “...standing armies dangerous to free governments in time of peace.”“...standing armies dangerous to free governments in time of peace.” Enough ships to protect commerceEnough ships to protect commerce Bellicose in actionBellicose in action

14. Sumatra Natives in Qualla Battoo raided American merchant FriendshipNatives in Qualla Battoo raided American merchant Friendship Potomac captained by John DownesPotomac captained by John Downes Amphibious landing in Qualla BattooAmphibious landing in Qualla Battoo –slaughter Jackson: publicly praisesJackson: publicly praises

15. The Falkland Islands Argentine governor Louis VernetArgentine governor Louis Vernet Prosecutes illegal seal poacher HarrietProsecutes illegal seal poacher Harriet Lexington, Captain Silas Duncan in MontevideoLexington, Captain Silas Duncan in Montevideo –Raids the Falklands Buenos Aries cuts of diplomatic ties with USBuenos Aries cuts of diplomatic ties with US President entirely approves of Duncan’s]conductPresident entirely approves of Duncan’s]conduct

16. 1837- Handoff to Martin Van Buren 21 ships21 ships Five SquadronsFive Squadrons –All operating away from the Atlantic Coast –Anglo-American friendship Van Buren not interested in NavyVan Buren not interested in Navy –Depression 1837 –Secretary of Navy James K. Paulding kind of a dud

17. Wilkes Expedition 1838-1842 Lieutenant Charles WilkesLieutenant Charles Wilkes –Six-ship squadron. Gathers scientific knowledge.Gathers scientific knowledge. Charted much of the Pacific Ocean, Antarctica, and North American West Coast.Charted much of the Pacific Ocean, Antarctica, and North American West Coast. Recognized growing importance of the Pacific.Recognized growing importance of the Pacific. –Increasing trade with Asia.

18. The “Wilkes Expedition” August 1838 - July 1842