1. Chapter 1 Human Body Orientation

2. Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another Gross Anatomy – studying large body structures – easy to see Microscopic anatomy – studying small parts of the body – microscopic Ex. Cells and tissues Study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another Gross Anatomy – studying large body structures – easy to see Microscopic anatomy – studying small parts of the body – microscopic Ex. Cells and tissues

3. Physiology The study of how the body and its parts work or function Neurophysiology – explain how the nervous system works Cardiac physiology – studies the function of the heart The study of how the body and its parts work or function Neurophysiology – explain how the nervous system works Cardiac physiology – studies the function of the heart

4. Anatomy and physiology are always related. The parts form a well organized unit. Structure determines function. Anatomy and physiology are always related. The parts form a well organized unit. Structure determines function.

5. Levels of Structural Oranization Atoms  molecules  cells  Tissue  organ  organ system  organism Molecules – water Cell – smallest unit of living things Tissue – groups of cells with similar functions Organ – structure composed of 2+ tissues Atoms  molecules  cells  Tissue  organ  organ system  organism Molecules – water Cell – smallest unit of living things Tissue – groups of cells with similar functions Organ – structure composed of 2+ tissues

8. Figure 1.1

9. Chapter 3 Body Tissues

10. Four Types: Epithelium – covering Connective – support Nervous – control Muscle - movement Epithelium – covering Connective – support Nervous – control Muscle - movement

11. Epithelial tissue Lines and covers all free body surfaces

12. Functions Protection Absorption Filtration secretion Protection Absorption Filtration secretion

13. Special Characteristics of Epithelium Fit closely together to form sheets One surface or edge is free and the other attaches to a basement membrane No blood supply Regenerate easily Fit closely together to form sheets One surface or edge is free and the other attaches to a basement membrane No blood supply Regenerate easily

14. Classification of Epithelium Two Names 1.Number of cell layers a.Simple – one b.Stratified – 1+ Two Names 1.Number of cell layers a.Simple – one b.Stratified – 1+

15. 2.Shape a. Squamous – flattened like fish scales b. Cuboidal – cube shape c. Columnar – shaped like columns 2.Shape a. Squamous – flattened like fish scales b. Cuboidal – cube shape c. Columnar – shaped like columns

17. Simple Squamous

19. Connective Tissue Connects body parts Found everywhere Functions – protection, support, binding together Connects body parts Found everywhere Functions – protection, support, binding together

20. Special Characteristics of Connective Tissue Variations in blood supply Extra-cellular matrix Matrix – secreted by the cells - non-living substances Ex. – blood, fat, bone Variations in blood supply Extra-cellular matrix Matrix – secreted by the cells - non-living substances Ex. – blood, fat, bone

22. Muscle Tissue Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement Types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement Types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

24. Nervous Tissue Neurons Highly specialized to receive and transmit impulses Neurons Highly specialized to receive and transmit impulses

25. The Eleven Organ Systems

26. 1. Integumentary System – Skin – Covers the body Functions – a. Waterproofs b. Cushions and protects c. Perspiration – excretes salts and urea d. Regulates body temperature e. Temperature, pressure, pain receptors Functions – a. Waterproofs b. Cushions and protects c. Perspiration – excretes salts and urea d. Regulates body temperature e. Temperature, pressure, pain receptors

27. Organs – hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (oil)

28. 2. Skeletal System Functions – a. Support – store minerals b. Framework for muscles – aids movement c. Protective – ex. Skull d. Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells Functions – a. Support – store minerals b. Framework for muscles – aids movement c. Protective – ex. Skull d. Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells

29. Organs – bones, ligaments, joints and cartilage

30. 3. Muscular System Functions –Muscles contract and cause movement –Primary source of body heat Organs – Skeletal muscles Functions –Muscles contract and cause movement –Primary source of body heat Organs – Skeletal muscles

31. 4. Nervous System Fast acting control system Functions – allows the body to respond to irritants and stimuli Organs – brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs Fast acting control system Functions – allows the body to respond to irritants and stimuli Organs – brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs

32. 5. Endocrine System Functions a.Controls body activities – slow b.Produces chemical molecules – Hormones c.Hormones released in blood and travel to distant organs d.Hormones control growth, reproduction and food Functions a.Controls body activities – slow b.Produces chemical molecules – Hormones c.Hormones released in blood and travel to distant organs d.Hormones control growth, reproduction and food

33. 6. Cardiovascular System Functions a.Blood vessels, transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste Organs – heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood Blood vessels are in red Functions a.Blood vessels, transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste Organs – heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood Blood vessels are in red

34. 7.Lymphatic System (Immune System) Complements the cardiovascular system Functions – returns fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels Organs – lymph fluids, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen Complements the cardiovascular system Functions – returns fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels Organs – lymph fluids, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

35. Lymph nodes Cleanses blood Houses cells involved in immunity Cleanses blood Houses cells involved in immunity

36. 8. Respiratory System Functions a.Keeps body supplied with oxygen b.Removes carbon dioxide Organs: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Lungs- tiny air sacs where gas exchange with the blood occurs Functions a.Keeps body supplied with oxygen b.Removes carbon dioxide Organs: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Lungs- tiny air sacs where gas exchange with the blood occurs

37. 9. Digestive System Tube from mouth to anus Functions: a. Breaks down food b. Products to the blood for dispersal Tube from mouth to anus Functions: a. Breaks down food b. Products to the blood for dispersal

38. Organs Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Intestines (small and large), rectum Liver – produces bile to break down fats Pancreas – digestive enzymes for small intestines Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Intestines (small and large), rectum Liver – produces bile to break down fats Pancreas – digestive enzymes for small intestines

39. 10. Urinary System Functions – a. Removes nitrogen wastes from the blood, exits body through urine b. Maintains the balance of water, salt, acid-base Organs – kidneys, ureters, bladder urethra Functions – a. Removes nitrogen wastes from the blood, exits body through urine b. Maintains the balance of water, salt, acid-base Organs – kidneys, ureters, bladder urethra

40. 11. Reproductive System Male – sperm – testes Organs – scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system Male – sperm – testes Organs – scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system

41. Female – eggs – ovary Organs – uterine tubes, uterus, vagina Female – eggs – ovary Organs – uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

42. Maintaining Life

43. The highly organized human body does: 1.Maintains boundaries 2.Responds to environmental changes – Irritability 3.Takes in and digests nutrients 4.Carry out metabolism 5.Dispose of wastes 6.Reproduce 7.Grow 1.Maintains boundaries 2.Responds to environmental changes – Irritability 3.Takes in and digests nutrients 4.Carry out metabolism 5.Dispose of wastes 6.Reproduce 7.Grow

44. The highly organized human body is able to carry out the 7 characteristics.

45. The Seven Characteristics of Life 1.Maintaining Boundaries – cell membrane Body System - Integumentary 1.Maintaining Boundaries – cell membrane Body System - Integumentary

46. 2.Movement Body System – muscular system 2.Movement Body System – muscular system

47. 3.Responsiveness or Irritability (sense changes and respond) Body System – Nervous System 3.Responsiveness or Irritability (sense changes and respond) Body System – Nervous System

48. 4.A. Digestion Body system - Digestive 4.A. Digestion Body system - Digestive

49. B.Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body Body Systems – Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Endocrine B.Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body Body Systems – Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Endocrine

50. 5.Excretion Body System – Digestive and Urinary 5.Excretion Body System – Digestive and Urinary

51. 6.Reproduction Body System – Reproductive 7. Growth 6.Reproduction Body System – Reproductive 7. Growth

52. Survival Needs of the Human Body Goal of the body systems – Maintain Life 1. Nutrients (food) 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Appropriate Temperature 5. Atmospheric Pressure Goal of the body systems – Maintain Life 1. Nutrients (food) 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Appropriate Temperature 5. Atmospheric Pressure

53. Homeostasis The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions Homeo – same Statis – standing still Happens when the body has its needs meet and is functioning smoothly The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions Homeo – same Statis – standing still Happens when the body has its needs meet and is functioning smoothly

54. The Language of Anatomy

55. A set of terms that allows body structures to be located and identified clearly with a few words

56. Anatomical Position Standard reference point

57. Regional Terms The many visible landmarks on the surface of the body The many visible landmarks on the surface of the body

58. Figure 1.6a

59. Figure 1.6b

60. Figure 1.6c

61. Figure 1.7

62. Directional Terms Used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another

63. The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

66. The ________ is ___________ between the ________ and _____________. The ________ is ___________ to the _____________. The ________ is ___________ between the ________ and _____________.

67. The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

69. Body Planes

70. The End