1. Animal Body Systems

2. 1.Range from Unicellular to Multicellular 2.Autotrophic and/or heterotrophic 3.Life-sustaining functions (energy production, waste removal) range from intracellular means to organelles to structured systems. Living Organisms:

3. 1)Multicellular organisms 2)Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems 3)Heterotrophic – must ingest nutrients 4)Aerobic respiration is used 5)Tissue layers that include ectoderm, endoderm, and sometimes mesoderm What defines an animal?

4. Smallest living unit, has the ability to survive and reproduce on its own Cells

5. A group of cells that function together for one or more specialized tasks Tissues

6. A structure with a definite form and function made up of one or more tissue Organs

7. Two or more organs that work together for a common task Organ System

8. A means to study the evolution, history and lineages of living organisms What is Comparative Anatomy?

9. An adaptation is a change in the genotype (genes) and potentially the phenotype (physical expression of the genes) that enables an organism to survive better Result of a DNA mutation Adaptations

10. Similarities between structures or functions of structures represent either a common ancestor (common evolutionary path) or a similar adaptation to an environment Evolution

11. “The Survival of the Fittest” Those that have adaptations that enable a higher rate of survival will live to reproduce and thus pass on the desirable trait. Over time these changes/adaptations can lead to new species. Natural Selection

12. Similar structures that suggest a similar evolutionary path but could have different functions Homologous Structures

13. Similar adaptations to a similar environment, do not mean they are the same structure or suggest a similar evolutionary path Analogous Structures

14. Structures that no longer serve a purpose and our remnants of an adaptation that is no longer needed Vestigial Structures

15. Takes in and distributes oxygen and nutrients to various parts of body through blood Circulatory

16. Transportation of nutrients and wastes can occur by: a.Osmosis and diffusion through cell membranes (unicellular and simple organisms) b.Closed (blood in vessels) and open (blood pumped by heart but diffuses through cells) c.Water Vascular system – a system of using water and canals to move nutrients Variations:

17. Absorbs nutrients through cell walls/membranes Digestive

18. From simple to complex organisms: intracellular to a simple digestive chamber to formal stomachs to digestive organs (i.e. intestines) Digestive Evolution

19. Uses chemicals/hormones to elicit a bodily response Endocrine

20. Removes wastes from the body Excretory

21. From simple to complex: Diffusion and/or exocytosis through cell membrane to single opening digestive chambers to development of the anus to specialized structures and organs Excretory Evolution:

22. Stops and destroys foreign bodies from entering the body and causing damage or sickness Immune System

23. Protects the body from the outside world Integumentary

24. Provides support and movement for an organism Muscular

25. Movement mechanisms: a)Cell based – flagellum, cilia b)Water Vascular System – water used to “pressurize” canals and chambers c)Muscles – from single celled muscles to muscle groups Muscular System Evolution:

26. Provides communication throughout the body Nervous

27. From simple to complex: Unknown pathways to nerve nets to centralized systems including a brain and nerve cord Nervous System Evolution

28. Allows for the replication of the species and thus allows the genes to remain in the population Asexual Reproduction: -Simple organisms -Results in genetically identical offspring via budding, binary fission, and autonomy Sexual Reproduction: -More complex organisms -Results in genetically diverse offspring -Development of secondary sex characteristics Reproductive

29. The exchange of gases with the atmosphere Respiratory

30. Developed from exchange of gases across cell membranes to gills to pseudo lungs to lungs Respiratory Evolution:

31. Provides support and protection to the body Skeletal

32. -Hardened structures found within (spicules in sponges) -Complete lack of (jellyfish) -Secreted shells - Endoskeleton vs. Exoskeleton Skeletal Variation: