FIGURE 3.1 System for illustrating Boolean applications to control.

FIGURE 3.1 System for illustrating Boolean applications to control.
Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3.2 Solution for Example 3.5.

FIGURE 3.3 Solution for Example 3.6.

FIGURE 3.4 Generic model of a computer bus system.

FIGURE 3.5 Tri-state buffers allow multiple signals to share a single digital line in the bus.

FIGURE 3.6 A basic comparator compares voltages and produces a digital output.

FIGURE 3.7 Diagram of a solution to Example 3.7.

FIGURE 3.8 Many comparators use an open-collector output.

FIGURE A comparator output will “jiggle” when a noisy signal passes through the reference voltage level. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3.10 A generic DAC diagram, showing typical input and output signals.

FIGURE 3.10 (continued) A generic DAC diagram, showing typical input and output signals.

FIGURE 3.11 A generic DAC diagram, showing typical input and output signals.

FIGURE 3.12 A typical DAC is often implemented using a ladder network of resistors.

FIGURE A generic ADC diagram, showing typical input and output signals and noting the conversion time. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3. 14 A typical data-acquisition timing diagram using an ADC
FIGURE A typical data-acquisition timing diagram using an ADC. The read operation may occur at any time after the end-of-convert has been issued by the ADC. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE One common method of implementing an ADC is the successive approximation of parallel-feedback system using an internal DAC. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE The dual-slope ADC uses an op amp integrator, comparator, and counter. This is commonly used in digital voltmeters. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3. 17 A typical timing diagram of a dual-slope ADC
FIGURE A typical timing diagram of a dual-slope ADC. Since both slopes depend upon R and C, the ADC output is independent of the values of these components. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3.18 Analog circuit for Example 3.19.

FIGURE 3.19 Input signal for Example 3.20.

FIGURE 3.20 The basic concept of a sample-and-hold circuit for use with the ADC.

FIGURE 3.21 The sampled signal is literally “held” during the ADC conversion process.

FIGURE 3.22 A S/H often uses a FET as an electronic switch.

FIGURE During (a) sampling and (b) holding, equivalent circuit resistance creates nonideal effects. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE An ADC can be interfaced directly to the computer bus if it has tri-state outputs. Address decoding is required so the ADC can be operated by computer software. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3.25 General diagram of a frequency-based analog-to-digital converter.

FIGURE 3.26 The LM331 is a common voltage-to-frequency converter useful in frequency-based ADCs.

FIGURE The 555 timer is useful for generation of a frequency that depends upon resistance or capacity. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3.28 Response from Example 3.24.

FIGURE Typical layout of a data-acquisition board for use in a personal computer expansion slot. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE An analog multiplexer acts as a multiposition switch for selecting particular inputs to the ADC. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE Software for data acquisition involves operations to start the ADC, test the EOC, and input the data. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 3.32 Solution to Example 3.25.

FIGURE 3.33 The sampling rate can disguise actual signal details.

FIGURE 3.34 Pressure data for Example 3.27.

FIGURE 3.35 Linearization by table look-up can be accomplished by the operations in this flowchart.

FIGURE 3.36 System for Problems 3.10 and 3.14.

FIGURE 3.37 System for Problem S3.3.

FIGURE 3.1 System for illustrating Boolean applications to control.

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FIGURE 3.1 System for illustrating Boolean applications to control.

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