1. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Personal Nutrition M. Boyle and S.L. Anderson Chapter 8: Alcohol and Nutrition

2. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning 1.A 12-ounce beer, a 5-ounce glass of wine, and a 1- ounce shot of tequila all contain the same amount of alcohol. 2.The impact of alcohol on health depends partly on whether you’re a man or a woman. 3.Burnt toast is a good hangover remedy. 4.Alcohol is calorie-free. 5.Regular drinkers become more tolerant of the effects of alcohol, so they must drink more to feel the effects of alcohol. Ask Yourself T T T T F

3. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Ask Yourself 6.Reflexes are not impaired if your blood alcohol concentration is below the legal limits of intoxication. 7.It is safe for a pregnant woman to have one alcoholic beverage a day. 8.Drinking alcohol may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. 9.Moderate drinking can reduce the risk of heart disease. 10.Heavy drinking is defined as more than two drinks a day for women and more than four drinks a day for men. F F T T T

4. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning What Is Alcohol Alcohol: clear, colorless volatile liquid; the most commonly ingested form is ethyl alcohol or ethanol (EtOH). –A sedative and central nervous system depressant. –Supplies energy (7 calories/gram).

5. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Absorption and Metabolism of Alcohol Alcohol absorption involves the small intestine, the portal vein and the liver. –A portion of the alcohol is then metabolized by enzymes. Alcohol dehydrogenase: a liver enzyme that mediates the metabolism of alcohol. Aetaldehyde (ass-et-AL-duh-hide): a substance to which drinking alcohol (ethanol) is metabolized.

6. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning

7. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Absorption and Metabolism of Alcohol Influencing Factors: Food –Presence of food in the stomach slows absorption. Dietary fat delays emptying time of the stomach. Gender –Men and women absorb and metabolize alcohol differently. Women: smaller amounts of body water + lower activity of alcohol dehydrogenase = a larger proportion of ingested alcohol to reach the blood. Ethnicity –Native Americans have higher rates of liver damage due to alcohol consumption.

8. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Absorption and Metabolism of Alcohol

9. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning 1. Almost 4% of all college students drink alcohol on a daily basis. 2. College students spend over $5.5 billion a year on alcohol, mostly beer. This is more than they spend on books, soft drinks, coffee, juice, and milk combined. 3. The total volume of alcohol consumed by college students each year would fill an Olympic-size swimming pool on every college and university campus in the United States. How It All Adds Up 4. A daily glass of wine can increase your weight by as much as 10 pounds a year. 5. Of the 12 million undergraduate students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities, as many as 360,000 will die from alcohol-related causes while a student. This is more than the number who will go on to graduate school.

10. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning O.B.S.E.R.V.E. On certain medications or have certain illnesses (check with your doctor). Medicines mixed with alcohol may give you a buzz you didn’t bargain for. Behind the wheel, or engaged in tasks requiring full mental or physical functioning. Drinking and driving is one of the most dangerous things anyone can do. But you already knew that. Stressed out or tired. Drinking doesn’t relieve stress; it only complicates it further. It could also lead to depression. Talk to a friend or counselor instead.

11. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning O.B.S.E.R.V.E. (continued) Either the son, daughter, or sibling of someone with alcoholism. Problems with alcohol are often a family affair. Recovering from alcohol abuse or drug dependency. If you’ve succeeded in getting yourself off an addictive substance, the last thing you want is to fall off the wagon. Stay clean. Violating laws, policies, or personal values. If drinking may mean legal trouble or expulsion from school, don’t do it. It’s not worth it. Expecting, nursing, or considering pregnancy. You’re abstaining for two.

12. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Alcohol and Its Effects Alcohol is distributed quickly and thoroughly in the body. It can affect the central nervous system even in small concentrations. Even small amounts in the blood can slow reaction.

13. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Alcohol is rightly termed an anesthetic because it puts brain centers to sleep in order: 1.Cortex 2.Emotion-governing centers 3.Centers that govern muscular control 4.Deep centers that control respiration and heartbeat

14. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning

15. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning

16. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Alcohol and Its Effects Alcohol and Medications –Use of prescription or over-the-counter medications can increase the effects of alcohol. –Chronic, heavy drinking appears to activate an enzyme that may be responsible for changing the over-the-counter pain reliever acetaminophen and many others into chemicals that can produce liver damage, even when taken in recommended doses Alcohol and Sex Hormones –In men, alcohol metabolism contributes to testicular injury and impairs testosterone synthesis and sperm production

17. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Alcohol and Its Effects Tolerance: decrease of effectiveness of a drug after a period of prolonged or heavy use. Metabolic tolerance: increased efficiency of removing high levels of alcohol from the blood due to long-term exposure leading to more drinking and possible addiction. Functional tolerance: actual change in sensitivity to a drug resulting in hallucinations and convulsions when alcohol is removed.

18. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Alcohol and Its Effects Alcohol abuse (problem drinker): a person who experiences psychological, social, family, employment, or school problems because of alcohol. Problem drinkers often binge drink and turn to alcohol when facing problems or making decisions. Alcohol dependency (alcoholism): a dependency on alcohol marked by compulsive uncontrollable drinking with negative effects on physical health, family relationships, and social health.

19. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Alcohol and Its Effects Impact of Alcohol on Nutrition If you are in good health and otherwise well nourished, the occasional consumption will probably have little effect on your nutritional status. If you drink excessively on a regular basis, your nutritional status will become compromised. Here are some examples: –Protein deficiency can develop, both from the depression of protein synthesis in the cells. –Stomach cells become inflamed and vulnerable to ulcer formation. –Intestinal cells fail to absorb thiamin, folate, and vitamin B 12. –Liver cells lose efficiency in activating vitamin D, and the production and excretion of bile is altered.

20. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Alcohol and Its Effects

21. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Health Benefits of Alcohol People who consume one to two drinks daily have lower mortality rates than nondrinkers. Like any other drug, there is a beneficial dose and a level (dose) that will cause harm. Most research indicates wine consumption to be most beneficial, it appears that the benefits are from the alcohol itself. –The protective effect is the result of increased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. –It also inhibits blood from forming clots, reducing risk of death from heart attack.

22. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Health Risks of Alcohol Drugs: substances that can modify one or more of the body’s functions. Alcoholic hepatitis: inflammation and injury to the liver due to excess alcohol consumption. Cirrhosis: a chronic, degenerative disease of the liver in which the liver cells become infiltrated with fibrous tissues; blood flow through the liver is obstructed, causing back pressure and eventually leading to coma and death unless the cause of the disease is removed; the most common cause of cirrhosis is chronic alcohol abuse.

23. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning

24. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning

25. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Pros and Cons of Alcohol Consumption Here is one suggested way of weighing the pros and cons: Compare your age and gender to the leading causes of death for those of similar ages and gender. –The leading cause of death for men under the age of 40 years and women under the age of 50 (premenopausal) is accidents and breast cancer, respectively. In this case the risk is low. –Leading causes of death for men over the age of 40 years and women over the age of 50 years is heart disease. In this case the benefits of low to moderate alcohol consumption outweigh risks.

26. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning What Is a Drink ? Alcohol is alcohol is alcohol. It does not matter if the beverage of choice is beer, wine, a wine cooler, a cocktail, or a mixed drink.

27. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning A standard serving is as follows: 12 ounces of regular beer (150 calories) 5 ounces of wine (100 calories) 11⁄2 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits (100 calories) 12 ounces wine/malt or spirit-based cooler 3 ounces of sherry or port 9.75 ounces malt liquor

28. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Some people who should not drink alcoholic beverages are these: Children and adolescents Individuals of any age who cannot restrict their drinking to moderate levels Women who may become pregnant or who are pregnant.A safe alcohol intake has not been established for women at any time during pregnancy, including the first few weeks. Individuals who plan to drive, operate machinery, or take part in other activities that require attention, skill, or coordination. Most people retain some alcohol in their blood up to 2 to 3 hours after a single drink. Individuals taking prescription or over-the-counter medications that can interact with alcohol.

29. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Fetal Alcohol Syndrome It is defined by four criteria: Maternal drinking during pregnancy Characteristic pattern of facial abnormalities Growth retardation Brain damage often manifested by intellectual difficulties or behavioral problems

30. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning

31. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Fetal Alcohol Syndrome These facial traits… –low nasal bridge –short eyelid opening –small head circumference –undeveloped groove in center of upper lip …are typical of fetal alcohol syndrome, caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Irreversible abnormalities of the brain and other organs accompany these facial features.

32. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning

33. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Targeted media campaigns can help increase public awareness of the adverse effects of alcohol use during pregnancy.

34. Slide Development: Lonnie M. Lowery, Ph.D.Copyright 2003 Thomson Learning