1. Network Devices

2. Repeaters A repeater regenerates a signal and passes it on.
It can also regenerate and retime network signals at the bit level to allow them to travel a longer distance on the media

3. HUBS Hubs are multiport repeaters
The difference between the two devices is the number of ports
While a repeater has just two ports, a hub generally has from four to twenty-four ports
Sometimes hubs are called concentrators

4. Devices attached to a hub receive all traffic traveling through the hub.
The more devices there are attached to the hub, the more likely there will be collisions.
A collision occurs when two or more workstations send data over the network wire at the same time.
All data is corrupted when that occurs.
Every device connected to the same network segment is said to be a member of a collision domain.

5. Hubs And Collision Domains
Collision domain – The area of the network where a host can receive a garbled message resulting from a collision
More collision domains = better performance
How many collision domains exist in the graphic shown?

6. Bridges
The bridge makes decisions about whether or not to pass signals on to the next segment of a network
When a bridge receives a frame on the network, the destination MAC address is looked up in the bridge table to determine whether to filter, flood, or copy the frame onto another segment

7. Switches and bridges operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model.
There are times when it is necessary to break up a large LAN into smaller, more easily managed segments.
This decreases the amount of traffic on a single LAN and can extend the geographical area past what a single LAN can support.
The devices that are used to connect network segments together include bridges, switches, routers, and gateways.
Switches and bridges operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model.
The function of the bridge or switch is to make intelligent decisions about whether or not to pass signals on to the next segment of a network.
They makes these decisions based upon the layer 2 physical address (MAC).
A switch therefore has two main functions:
switch data frames
build and maintain tables
If placed strategically, a bridge can greatly improve network performance.

8. If the destination device is on the same segment as the frame, the bridge blocks the frame from going on to other segments. This process is known as filtering.

9. If the destination device is on a different segment, the bridge forwards the frame to the appropriate segment.
If the destination address is unknown to the bridge, the bridge forwards the frame to all segments except the one on which it was received. This process is known as flooding.

10. Switches A switch is sometimes described as a multiport bridge
A bridge may have just two ports linking two network segments
All switching equipment performs two basic operations.
Switching data frames
Building and maintaining switching tables
Switching alleviates congestion and reduces traffic by increasing the number of collision domains.
Switches micro segment a network

11. Switches

12. A bridge or switch determines whether the frame should be forwarded to the other network segment based on the destination MAC address.

13. A switch has many ports with many network segments connected to them
A switch has many ports with many network segments connected to them. A switch chooses the port to which the destination device or workstation is connected.
Ethernet switches are becoming popular connectivity solutions replacing hubs...
reduces network congestion
maximizes bandwidth
reduces collision domain size

14. A SWITCH SMARTER THAN A HUB
dedicated bandwidth out each port
no need to share with other ports (unlike a hub)
Can forward messages to a specific host by looking in its MAC table
If destination MAC is not in its MAC table, floods the network out all ports looking for a response
Only the host with the correct MAC address will respond

15. More Stuff on Switches How does the MAC table get built?
keeps track of frames being sent between hosts
records the information when there is a response
Collision Domains
each port on a switch is its own collision domain
8 port switch = 8 collision domains

16. Router Routers – directs traffic based on the destination IP address
Routers build routing tables; switches build MAC tables
Routers decode packets, switches decode frames
Look only the network portion of the IP address
finds the best path to take to get to the destination
Routers do not forward broadcasts!!!

17. Default Gateway
Used when a host wants to send data to a host on a different network.
Must be set on the workstation connected to the routing device – the router interface connected to the PC

18. NIC
The function of a NIC is to connect a host device to the network medium
The NIC is also referred to as a network adapter
NICs are considered Layer 2 devices because each NIC carries a unique code called a MAC address