1. 1 ENERGY AND LIVING THINGS

2. 2 I. Energy flows between organisms in living systems. A. Building molecules that store energy 1. Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy. 2. Autotrophs are organisms able to make their own energy. (Plants)

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4. 4 3. Heterotrophs are organisms that are UNABLE to make their own food and have to consume their energy. 4. Cellular respiration is a metabolic process similar to burning fuel. It converts the food we eat into energy our body can use.

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6. 6 5. The word burn is often used to describe how cells get energy from food. 6. The food that is taken in is converted to energy that the cell can use. This molecule is ATP. (adensine triphosphate)

7. 7 II. Photosynthesis A. Photosynthetic organisms use the energy in sunlight 1. 6CO2 + 6H2O ---light----- C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxidewaterGlucoseoxygen 2. Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen.

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9. 9 B. Light and pigments 1. In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll, a molecule in chloroplast. 2. Plants gather the sun ’ s energy with light absorbing molecules called pigments.

10. 10 3. The plants primary pigment is chlorophyll. 4. There are two main types of chlorophyll a and b.

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12. 12 B. The reactions of Photosynthesis 1. In plants and other photosynthetic Eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts.

13. 13 C. Factors affecting photosynthesis 1. Many factors affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs. 2. Shortage of water can slow or even stop photosynthesis.

14. 14 3. Plants that live in dry climate have a waxy coating on their leaves to reduce water loss. 4. Temperature above or below 0-35 C can slow down the rate of photosynthesis. 5. The intensity of light also affects the rate at which photosynthesis occurs.

15. 15 6. Increased light activity increases photosynthesis. 7. Decreased light activity decreases photosynthesis.

16. 16 III. Energy and Cellular Respiration A. Chemical energy and food 1. How much energy is actually present in food? - Lots! 2. One gram of glucose when burned can release 3811 calories of heat!

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19. 19 3. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. 4. Cells don ’ t “ burn ” glucose; instead they gradually release the energy from glucose and other food compounds. 5. Glycolysis releases only a small amount of energy.

20. 20 6. If oxygen is present, Glycolysis leads to two other pathways that release a great deal of energy. 7. If oxygen is NOT present, Glycolysis goes to a different path.

21. 21 B. Overview of cellular respiration 1. Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. 2. 6O2 + C6H12O6 -------- 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Oxygen Glucose Carbon dioxide water

22. 22 C. Glycolysis 1. Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid. (Also 2 ATP ’ s.) 2. Pyruvic acid marks the end of Glycolysis.

23. 23 3. The Pyruvic acid can take three different paths. 1. Respiration – presence of oxygen 2. Fermentation – No oxygen 3. Lactic acid- no oxygen

24. 24 D. Anaerobic respiration (cellular respiration WITHOUT oxygen) 1. In an animal cell if the cell is under stress or if there is insufficient amount of oxygen the body will convert the Pyruvic acid into quick energy – lactic acid

25. 25 2. This is a quick fix for the body BUT lactic acid does have some down falls- pain.

26. 26 D. Fermentation (occurs in plants, without oxygen) 1. Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. 2. Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste.

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28. 28 E. Krebs cycle – cellular respiration WITH oxygen. 1. During the Kreb cycle, Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions. 2. The Kreb cycle is where most of the ATP is made.

29. 29 3. The Kreb cycle occurs inside the mitochondria. 4. In the Kreb cycle the total ATP that is made is 36 or 38 ATP for 1 glucose molecule. 5. Muscle cells have the capabilities of making 38 ATP. Why do you think?

30. 30 F. Energy and exercise 1. When quick energy is needed the body will use what ATP is there and ready to go. If more ATP is needed then the body starts to produce lactic acid. 2. When long-term energy is needed the body will resort to stored energy. The body has the time to use the stored and convert it for energy.

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32. 32 THE END