1. Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat
Standard S8P2 d – Describe how heat can be transferred through matter by the collision of atoms.
Chapter 14, Section 1 p

2. Temperature
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual particles in matter.
Low temperature particles have a low average kinetic energy
The particles of hot cocoa move faster than those of cold chocolate milk.
High temperature particles have a high average kinetic energy

3. Temperature Scales Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin Used in… United States
Most other countries
Physical Science
Boiling Point
212oF
100oC
373K
Freezing Point
32oF
0oC
273K

4. Absolute Zero
The lowest temperature possible, where no more thermal energy can be removed from matter.
-273oC/-273K

5. Thermal Energy is NOT Heat!!!
Thermal energy is the total energy of all the particles in an object. It depends on the number of particles in the object, the temperature of the object, and the arrangement of the object’s particles.
Heat is thermal energy moving from a warmer object to a cooler object.
Only when thermal energy is transferred is it called heat!

6. Specific Heat
When an object is heated, its temperature rises; but it does not rise the same for all objects.
Specific Heat is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of material by 1K
Unit of measure is joules per kilogram-Kelvin, or J/(kg-K)
A material with a high specific heat can absorb a great deal of thermal energy without a great change in temperature.

7. Conduction
Heat is transferred from one particle of matter to another without the movement of the matter.

8. Convection
Heat is transferred by the movement of currents within a fluid.
Convection currents have a circular flowing motion; they can transfer heated air.

9. Radiation
The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.

10. Heat moves ONE way!
If two objects have different temperatures, heat will flow from the warmer object to the colder one.

11. Conductors A material that conducts heat/transfers thermal energy well
Ex: metals, tile floors

12. Insulators
A material that does NOT conduct heat/transfer thermal energy well
Ex: wood, wool, straw, paper, gases, cloths, blankets