1. Alice: Functions Alice Chapter 6 September 19, 2005

2. Checkpoint 80 point quiz Abstract article - quick summary (What cool thing did you read about?)  Turn in to Ms. K Demos of methods & parameters animation Today I am going to have you follow along in Alice as I am presenting the material  Make a world with two toyballs (Sports) in it (one large, one small)

3. Writing your own functions Functions do not change the state of the world  Instead, they return a value Sometimes there are no built-in functions that do what you want to do One example: Let’s say you want to simulate a ball rolling forward  It’s more difficult than it seems!

4. Rolling Ball Try: Ball.turn(forward, 1 revolution)  The ball simply rotates in place Maybe try to move the ball forward at the same time that it turns forward  Try: Write a class-level method, realisticRoll: doTogether{ ball.move (forward, 1 meter) ball.turn(forward, 1 revolution) }  The ball still ends up in the same place

5. Rolling Ball The ball is moving relative to itself, but we want it to move relative to the ground, so let’s change our class-level method to: doTogether{ ball.move (forward, 1 meter, asSeenBy ground) ball.turn(forward, 1 revolution) }  This just guesses that 1 revolution looks right, but what happens if we have a large ball and a small ball rolling forward?

6. Rolling Ball The distance covered in one revolution of the ball is proportional to the diameter If we wanted the ball to roll for 10 meters, how many revolutions would a large ball need to make? How about a small ball? We want a way to calculate this, depending on the ball’s diameter  We need a new function

7. Create a new function Try: Create new function  Call it numberOfRevolutions and select Number for the return type You will see a new editor panel for your function with a Return line at the bottom

8. Returning a value Every function must have a Return statement In our problem, we are asking the function: “How many revolutions does the ball have to make to move a given distance along the ground?”  This depends on the distance traveled by the circumference of the ball in a single revolution numRevolutions = distance / (diameter * pi)

9. Writing out function To calculate numRevolutions = distance / (diameter * pi) we need to know:  Distance (a parameter sent in to the function)  Diameter (the width of the ball - a built-in function)  Pi (a constant value, we will approximate it to 3.14) We can use the built-in functions and mathematical operators to put this equation into the return part of this function

10. Another new function Let’s build a fly-space, with a biplane (Vehicle) and a helicopter (Vehicle) flying at approximately the same altitude near the airport (Buildings) Let’s build a function that checks for possible collisions when two vehicles are in the same fly- space  If they are TooClose, the flight controller can radio the planes to change their flight paths

11. isTooClose Need to know: aircraft1, aircraft2, minimumAllowedDistance We will return a Boolean (true/false) answer Here we need an if/else control structure  Check if absolute value of aircraft1.distanceAbove(aircraft2) < minimumAllowedDistance if so, return true, else return false

12. avoidCollision Then the world.avoidCollision method could be called if the airplanes were too close Would need to check which airplane was above the other  If airplane1 above, move airplane1 up & move airplane2 down  Else move airplane1 down & airplane2 up

13. Alice: Events Alice Chapter 7 September 20, 2005

14. Yesterday We looked at adding new functions  Remember, in Alice functions have return values We looked at doing a few slightly complicated statements within Alice We finished with a function and a method  isTooClose - boolean function  avoidCollision - method Let’s make sure we all “got” those

15. isTooClose Need to know: aircraft1, aircraft2, minimumAllowedDistance We will return a Boolean (true/false) answer Here we need an if/else control structure  Check if absolute value of aircraft1.distanceAbove(aircraft2) < minimumAllowedDistance if so, return true, else return false

16. avoidCollision Then the world.avoidCollision method could be called if the airplanes were too close Would need to check which airplane was above the other  If airplane1 above, move airplane1 up & move airplane2 down  Else move airplane1 down & airplane2 up

17. Some Cool Things RandomNumber (World Function>Random)  Returns a fractional value between 0 and 1  More button allows you to choose minimum and maximum for randoms  More again allows you to specify only integer values  Random Numbers allow you to create random motion in an animation OrientTo method - to have two objects move together, first you must synchronize their orientation Vehicle property - one object can “ride” on another object  More lets you set duration, style, and asSeenBy  You can use an object as the vehicle for the camera Making Objects Invisible  Use the opacity property or the isShowing property to change what is visible in the world

18. Checkpoint Are we okay with everything thus far? In Edit>Preferences, choose the General tab and switch the display to “Java Style in Color”  This will get you used to seeing things as they are in Java.  You need to restart Alice to make this change take effect. How many of you have done Tutorials 2 & 3?  If you can (if you have access to a PC), do these tonight if you haven’t already done them

19. Interactive Programming So far we have been writing sequential, non- interactive events  Before run-time we knew the exact sequence of what was going to happen in the animation With events, we no longer know exactly what sequence of events will happen  We need to link events to a responding event handling method All events are world-level because the world is listening for any event to happen

20. Initial Scene Let’s start with our airplane world from yesterday and get rid of one of the flying vehicles We will make an interactive flying simulation today

21. Keyboard Control We use keyboard commands (instructions) to control what events happen Designing a flying game - we may want  The spacebar to make the plan spin  The up arrow to move the plane forward  And so on

22. What to do 1: Create Methods First write the methods that will respond to events  These can be world-level or class-level methods, depending on what makes sense in the given situation biplane.flyForward  Move forward 2 meters for 2.5 seconds abruptly Biplane.barrel  Roll right 1 revolution abruptly for 2.5 seconds

23. What to do 2: Link Events Linking events  In the upper right corner is the “Events editor” window  You can “create new event” and select event type from popup menu “when a key is typed”  You will see “any key” and “nothing” as placeholders for what should happen Lets create our first event:  When up is typed  Do biplane --> flyForward Our second event”  When space is typed  Do biplane --> barrel

24. What to do 3: Test Run the program and make sure nothing happens until up arrow or spacebar are pressed But you should also make sure that the event handling methods work as you expected after you develop them

25. Events & Parameters What if we want the mouse to control what happens - like if the mouse clicks on an object, we want that object to do something  Obviously, we need parameters! Let’s say we were building a rescue mission with a firetruck and a burning building with a person stuck on each of the three floors  We want the user to click on a person and then have the firetruck rescue that person  The save person method would need to know whichFloor the person was on, whichPerson to save, and howFar to move the ladder up

26. Burning Buildings First we make a method, firetruck.savePerson with 3 parameters  whichFloor (so we know where to point the swivel to)  howFar (so we know how far to move the ladder forward)  whichPerson (so we know which person to move down the ladder) So we could create a new mouse event that when a user clicks on randomGirl3 (who lives on the 3rd floor), we would automatically be able to set the other parameters to call savePerson with:  firetruck.savePerson(whichFloor = building.thirdFloor, whichPerson = randomGirl3, howFar = 3) Testing - make sure to try all the possible combinations to make sure that the program works as expected

27. Other Alice Controls The While Loop is a conditional loop, which only perform what is inside if a given condition is true The Begin-During-End event  While: The conditional expression/function  Begin: Done once, at the time the condition is true  During: Put in the instructions or method that is done repeatedly as long as condition remains true  End: Done once, at the time the condition becomes false Dummy Objects - Can be used to mark locations where the camera will be used  Could set up a “frontView” camera and a “backView” camera and change the point of view to these dummy views

28. The Wrath of Zeus Demonstration of an event-driven world Was going to be the basis of your project, but several components of the environment were missing in this version of Alice  Still it shows the beginning of the scope of the project you should be doing

29. Alice Project We have learned most of the fundamental concepts available in Alice for programming  (Just not: infinite loops, lists, recursion, arrays, advanced use of variables) Now we are going to put it all together to make a big program  See handout Note: We have a quiz scheduled for this week - it’ll be on the concepts we’ve covered so far and will be on Monday

30. Project Work Wednesday - Ideas due Thursday & Friday: Class time on project Friday: Brief quiz review