1.  Physical science is the study of matter and energy……..  Matter is the “stuff” that everything is made of…..EVERYTHING including air and other gases.  All matter has energy….even if it is not moving  How would you describe energy?

2.  Chemistry ◦ the study of all forms of matter and how they interact  Physics ◦ the study of energy and how it AFFECTS matter

3.  Why does yeast make dough rise?  Why does water boil at 100 o Celcius?  Why do baking soda and vinegar create an “eruption”?  How does soap clean dirty clothes and hands?  What else can you think of that would be considered chemistry?

4. Why do I move to the left when the car turns right? Why don’t I fall out of a rollercoaster when it goes upside down? How does a compass work? Why do we see a rainbow after a storm? Why does the sound of a train change as it passes by? What else can you think of?

5.  Energy is the ability to create change or do work.  Energy can come from MANY, MANY sources: ◦ Motion ◦ Chemical Reactions ◦ Heat ◦ Light ◦ Gravity ◦ Sound

6.  light, sound, atoms, molecules, physics, chemistry, physical science, motion, gravity, elements, electricity, magnetism, chemical reactions, energy

7. Chemistry Physics

8.  The scientific method is a series of steps that scientists use to answer questions and solve problems.

9.  Asking a question helps to focus your investigation and identify what you want to find out.  Sentence Starters: ◦ Why does……? ◦ What will happen if…..? ◦ How can……..?

10.  A hypothesis is an educated guess or a possible explanation or answer to a question.  Sentence Starter - Would be worded as an “if…..then” statement (ex: IF salt is added to ice, THEN it melts faster) - Also could be worded as “I believe that….will happen”

11.  Determine a procedure to conduct a test and collect data In a lab report, this should appear as: Materials Needed: (a detailed list) 1. 2. 3. Procedures: (step by step in order) 1. 2. 3.

12.  Take the collected and recorded data to see what you can learn.  It can be organized into:  Tables, Graphs, Charts  Observations, Diagrams, Drawings  Sorted Columns  Mean, Median, Mode

13.  At the end of the investigation, you must report your findings and decide if the data supported your hypothesis or NOT.  Sentence Starter - “The data in this experiment shows that……..” and explain your results. end with “the hypothesis was supported/not supported….”

14.  What would you change if you were to do the experiment again?  Sentence Starter – “Next time I would…..” or “I think the experiment would have been better if….”

15.  In science, it is essential that scientists share their results. This can be done in the form of papers, articles, presentations or web sites.  Other scientists can learn from what you have done and perhaps make changes it to it to improve things in the future.

16.  While the scientific method is a way to find answers to questions, be sure to understand that these are very rarely final answers!!!  As our understanding of the world and technology changes we learn more and more which may cause us to change our conclusions….do we still think the world is flat? do we still think the sun rotates around us?

17.  Explain the difference between a hypothesis and a conclusion.

18.  Theory – an explanation for a set of observations that can also make predictions for future results (Big Bang Theory, atomic theory)  Law – tells HOW things work….not necessarily why they work. If it is a law, then you can expect the same thing to happen every time (law of gravity, Newton's laws).

19.  What is the relationship between an experiment and a hypothesis?  How is a theory different from a hypothesis?  How is a theory different from a law?

20.  To test the safety of a car, scientists use test crash dummies, or computerized robots to see what happens. Why do they not use real people?  How can we make a guess at whether proposed construction of a bridge was going to be strong enough to handle hurricane force winds?

21.  A model is a representation of an object or system. It can be used to make predictions or see how things interact.

22.  1. Models can help you visualize information  2. Models are an easy size to work with.  3. Models Build Scientific Knowledge.  4. Models can save time & money.

23.  What can you think of that could be studied better with a model? Why?

24.  List as many units for time as you can think of.

26.  Time has two important meanings. ◦ What time is it? ◦ How much time?

27.  Units for time include: ◦ seconds ◦ minutes ◦ hours  The second is the basic unit of time in both the English and metric systems.

28.  Time is often expressed in mixed units.  This timer shows the time for a race as 2 hours, 30 minutes and 45 seconds.

29.  A microwave oven can program time in either mixed units (minutes and seconds) or in a single unit (seconds). Explain how 1:30 and 0:90 will result in the same cooking time.

30.  What tools are used to measure mass and length?

31.  Scientists in almost all countries use a common International System of Units so that it is easier for them to share data and results.  The SI units are the metric units and they are based on a system of the number 10.

32.  The metric base unit for length is meter. ◦ Any unit ending in ‘meter is a measurement of length (ie: centimeter, kilometer)

33.  Volume is the amount of space that something occupies.  There are different ways to measure this depending on whether you are measuring a solid or a liquid. ◦ Solid is measure in cubic centimeters (cm 3 ) ◦ Liquids are measured in milliliters (mL) or liters (L)

34.  To measure the volume of something liquid, you simply pour it into a flask, beaker or graduated cylinder and read the level of the top of the liquid.  These units are milliliters (mL)

35.  For evenly shaped objects, simply measure the sides with a ruler and use the formulas for volume. The calculated units would be cubic centimeters (cm 3 )  Volume = area x height  Cube = length x width x height  Cylinder = πr 2 x height

36.  If the object is not nicely shaped, like a rock or a cookie, then you can’t calculate its volume from measurements. You must use the displacement method to determine its volume.

37.  1. Start with a known volume of liquid in a cylinder  2. Add the object to the water  3. Write down the level to which the liquid raises after the object is added.  4. Subtract to calculate the volume of the object. Remember 1mL = 1cm 3

38.  Amount of matter that something is made up of…..on earth that would be how much something weighs.  The metric base unit for mass is grams  Very small objects would be measured in milligrams and very large objects would be measured in kilograms.

39.  Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is.  The metric unit for temperature is Celsius Water boils at 100°C Water freezes at 0°C

40.  Length  Volume  Mass  Temperature  Cubic centimeters  Meters  Milliliters  Celsius  Grams

41. LengthVolumeMassTemp. Your height in centimeters Volume of a cube in cubic centimeters Mass of a cube in grams Temperature of room temperature water. Distance between 2 classrooms in meters Volume of water in a cylinder Mass of the water from the cylinder. ONLY the water. Temperature of ice water. Length of your pencil in millimeters Volume of rock in as measured by displacement. Mass of a rock in grams Temperature of warmed water.

42.  Find the mean, median and mode for the following set of numbers:  30, 25, 20, 40, 25, 40, 35, 25, 30

43.  Describe the procedure needed to calculate the mass of water in a beaker.

44.  A variable is ANYTHING that can affect the results of an experiment

45.  This is a variable that you change ON PURPOSE!

46.  Variable that responds. You have NO control over this variable, you are only measuring its response to the independent variable.

47.  Dependent Variable  Responding Variable  Y-Axis  Manipulated Variable  Independent Variable  X-Axis