1. Vincent S. Smith Tales of the flying Earth… Background to the PhD thesis of Daniel Gustafsson

2. By Gilles San Martin

4. Lice - specialist parasites

5. Lice – adapted to their hosts

6. Lice – wingless, but can hitchhike

8. Host specific

9. Niche specific

10. Louse evolution (phylogeny) GenusFamilySuborder 3 532 3,060 1,344 Mammals Birds Amblycera Ischnocera Rhyn… Anoplura Phthiraptera: Insecta Avian Ischnocera

11. GenusFamilySuborder Phthiraptera: Insecta Rallicolidae sensu Eichler, 1963 Esthiopteridae sensu Eichler, 1963 Carduiceps (body louse) Clay and Meinertzhagen, 1939 Lunaceps (wing louse) Clay and Meinertzhagen, 1939 Rallicolidae Quadraceptinae Esthiopteridae Louse evolution (phylogeny)

12. The Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) A truly global bird order High Arctic (gulls & terns / måsfåglar & tärnor ) Antarctic (sheathbills & skuas / slidnäbbar & labbar ) Seashore (e.g. many sandpipers & plovers / snäppor & pipare ) High mountains (Ibisbill, & seedsnipes / ibisnäbb & frösnäppor ) Exclusively marine (auks / alkor ) Steppes and savannahs (buttonquails & coursers / springhöns & vadarsvalor ) Ivory Gull (jomilo75) Snowy Sheathbill (D. Jensen) Golden Plover (B. Tørrissen) Ibisbill (V. Sabharwal) Puffin (Boaworm) Three-banded Courser (S. Garvie)

13. Scolopaci: Contains familiar groups of shorebirds E.g. curlews, redshanks & allies, snipes & woodcocks & the sandpipers Many exhibit extreme migratory behavior Often flocks contain several species Isolated in summer breeding localities (high Arctic or temperate zones) Overwinter in flocks (shores of Africa, Australasia & South America) North South beckasiner och avvikande vadarfåglar

14. Comparing evolutionary histories Shorebirds Wing-lice Body-lice

15. Wider significance Shorebirds Wing-lice Body-lice Migration routes

16. Wider significance Shorebirds Wing-lice Body-lice Migration routes

17. Questions?