1. Lecture 14 - ESTUARIES

2. Last Ice Age

3. Classification of Estuaries - Geological 1.Coastal Plain Estuary (= Drowned River Estuary)

4. Classification of Estuaries - Geological 1.Coastal Plain Estuary 2.Bar Built Estuary

5. Bar-built estuary -sediment deposited by longshore currents estuary Longshore current

6. Bar-built estuary Sandy Hook, New Jersey

7. Bar-built estuary Sandy Hook, New Jersey

8. Classification of Estuaries - Geological 1.Coastal Plain Estuary 2.Bar Built Estuary 3.Fjord

9. Classification of Estuaries - Geological 1.Coastal Plain Estuary 2.Bar Built Estuary 3.Fjord 4.Tectonic San Andreas Fault Hayward Fault Calaveras Fault

10. Tectonic Estuary Earthquake causes blocks to shift

11. Tectonic Estuary Earthquake causes blocks to shift

12. Tectonic Estuary

13. Circulation Patterns of Estuaries Salt Wedge Partially Mixed Mixed

14. Estuary flow animations http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar05a_wedge.html

15. Reverse Estuary Rare freshwater inflow Restricted tidal mixing Internal wind-driven mixing High SalinityLower salinity Evaporation

16. Factors influencing estuary circulation River discharge LowHigh MaximumMinimum StrongWeak Strong Tidal mixing Tidal currents Water stratification Well-mixed estuaryPartially mixed estuary Salt wedge estuary

17. San Francisco Bay - a salt wedge estuary

18. Columbia R. - Oregon - a well mixed estuary

19. Chesapeake Bay - partially mixed

20. Colorado River mouth - a reverse estuary

21. Reverse Estuary Laguna Madre - Texas

22. Physical Features of Estuaries Salinity - Coriolis forces

23. Physical Features of Estuaries Salinity - Bottom vs Water column Mud Bottom water Salinity Time

24. Physical Features of Estuaries Substrate - Flocculation

25. Physical Features of Estuaries Substrate - Movement by Current

26. Physical Features of Estuaries Other features Temperature Waves and Currents Turbidity Oxygen

27. Turbidity – Rappahannock River 75 mg/l >5 mg/l

28. Diversity in Estuaries Euryhaline Stenohaline 1.Euryhaline -tolerate salinites between 15 and 35 ppt 2.Stenohaline -tolerate salinities above 25 ppt

29. Diversity in Estuaries Brackish water Animals -tolerate salinites between 5 and 18 ppt Nereis Callinectes Hydrobia

30. Diversity in Estuaries Transitional Animals -pass through estuary American eel Atlantic salmon

31. Diversity in Estuaries - Vegetation Chaetomorpha Cladophora Enteromorpha Ulva

32. Adaptations to Estuaries Coping with salinity

33. Adaptations to Estuaries Coping with salinity Internal salinity Environmental salinity 010203040 40 30 20 10

34. Adaptations to Estuaries Coping with salinity Internal salinity Environmental salinity 010203040 40 30 20 10 Perfect osmoconformer

35. Adaptations to Estuaries Coping with salinity Internal salinity Environmental salinity 010203040 40 30 20 10 Perfect osmoconformer Perfect osmoregulator

36. Adaptations to Estuaries Coping with salinity Internal salinity Environmental salinity 010203040 40 30 20 10

37. Adaptations to Estuaries Coping with salinity Internal salinity Environmental salinity 010203040 40 30 20 10

38. Adaptations to Estuaries Coping with salinity Internal salinity Environmental salinity 010203040 40 30 20 10

39. Ecological Relationships Primary Productivity Algal mats Benthic diatoms

40. Ecological Relationships Primary Productivity Classification scheme for estuaries - based on primary productivity European American

41. Estuarine Food web From river and ocean Detritus Detritus feeders Birds Lost Salt marsh Light Phytoplankton Zooplankton Fish Lost Algae Grazers Invertebrate Predators Death Microbial Decomposers Scavengers Filter Feeders

42. Estuarine Food web From river and ocean Detritus Detritus feeders Birds Lost Salt marsh Light Phytoplankton Zooplankton Fish Lost Algae Grazers Invertebrate Predators Death Microbial Decomposers Scavengers Filter Feeders

43. Allochthonous sources of Carbon Salt Marsh- Importer or Exporter? Factors Influencing the relationship of the salt marsh and estuary 1. Latitude 800 600 400 200 0 FloridaTexasLouisianaGeorgiaNorth Carolina Chesapeake Bay New England Dry wt – g/m 2 /yr Turner, 1976

44. Allochthonous sources of Carbon Salt Marsh- Importer or Exporter? Factors Influencing the relationship of the salt marsh and estuary 2. Nitrogen N-fertilized Control M J J A S 700 400 0 Dry wt – g/m 2 /yr Vince et al, 1981

45. Allochthonous sources of Carbon Salt Marsh- Importer or Exporter? Factors Influencing the relationship of the salt marsh and estuary 2. Nitrogen Sippiwisset Marsh - 10 year nitrogen enrichment study increased above and below ground production increased N content in plants consumer populations

46. Allochthonous sources of Carbon Salt Marsh- Importer or Exporter? Factors Influencing the relationship of the salt marsh and estuary Others geomorphology oceanographic conditions marsh age primary productivity