2. Statistics

3. Definition Methods of organizing and analyzing quantitative data Types Descriptive statistics –Central tendency, variability, etc. Inferential statistics –Chi-squares, t-tests, F-ratios, etc.

5. Descriptive Statistics Measurement scales –Nominal (male/female, yes/no) –Ordinal (high to low) –Interval(1, 2, 3...) –Ratio

6. Visual Depictions of Data Frequency distributions Histograms and Bar Graphs

7. Visual Depictions of Data

8. Measures of Central Tendency Mean Median Mode

9. Measures of Central Tendency Normal distribution Skewed distributions

10. A B C

11. Measures of Variability How spread out the distribution of scores is from the mean of the distribution Range Standard deviation Percentile Rank Standard Scores

14. 0 +1 +2 -2 +3 -3 34.13% 13.59% 2.14%.13%

15. Descriptive Statistics Measures of relationship –Correlation coefficient High (.70 or above) Moderate (.40-.60) Low (.20) Pearson product moment coefficient ® Correlation Matrix

16. Intercorrelations Among Teacher Practices 1234 1Choice 1.0 2Directives 0.01 1.0 3Coach 0.06 0.34 1.0 4Positive-0.340.550.281.0

17. Descriptive Statistics Measures of relationship –Multiple regression Shows the relationship of several independent variables with a dependent variable Path Analysis

19. Application Activity? Your students earned the following scores on your recent test: 89, 95, 78, 50, 80, 89, 76 What scale of measurement are you using? What was the range? Compute the mean, median and mode. What is your distribution like?

20. The Null Hypothesis Level of Significance –Type I Error –Type II Error Effect Size

24. Let’s apply this!

25. Application Activity If the null hypothesis is rejected, we can say that the observed results proves that the theory we are testing is true. The null hypothesis will be rejected if the sample data turn out to be _____________ consistent/inconsistent with what one would expect if it were true. Which level of significance offers the greater protection against Type I errors,.05 or.01? Is it possible for a researcher to make both a Type I error and a Type II error at the same time?

26. Application Activity A researcher tells the superintendent at the local school that the new curriculum is statistically significantly superior to the old curriculum. What question(s) should the superintendent ask the researcher?

27. T-Test: Used to compare 2 means

28. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) –One Way –Two Way –Repeated Measures Post Hoc and Planned Comparisons –E.g., Bonferoni, Tukey, Duncan’s, etc.

30. One-Way ANOVA Stimulation Low High AD/HD

31. Two-Way ANOVA AD/HD Control Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 1 Treatment 2

32. Interaction Treatment 1 Treatment 2 ADHD Control Behavior

33. Mixed Design AD/HD Control Group Repeated Factor Schedule Puzzle 1 Puzzle 2 Puzzle 3

35. Multivariate Analysis of Variance Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA

37. Nonparametric Tests Frequencies, percentages, or proportions Chi-square test (X 2 ) Race Ignored jobs Mentioned jobs Minorities 59.1 40.9 Caucasian 73.1 26.9 Chi square significance =.00787 Importance of jobs by ethnicity