1. WASSIM NASREDDINE MD AUBMC EEG: New Applications in Psychiatry?

2. Introduction EEG as a confirmatory test in epilepsy  Child presenting with school difficulty Acute confusional state Psychogenic non-epileptic spells  Example 1 Example 1  Example 2 Example 2

3. Outline Digital Processing of EEG EEG in ADHD EEG in depression EEG in Autism

4. EEG

6. Digital Processing: Matrix Sampling (200/sec) 20 channels 200 values/sec

7. SR*time (sec) Nb of Ch Digital Processing: Matrix

8. Digital Processing Spectral analysis Coherence

9. Spectral Analysis Fourier transform is a mathematical procedure that breaks a a function into the frequencies that compose it FT

10. Spectral Analysis Music EEG

11. Spectral Analysis

12. Digital Processing: Spectral analysis

13. EEG: Artifacts

15. Digital Processing: Coherence

16. Coherence of two Random Signals

17. Coherence in EEG

20. Outline Digital Processing of EEG EEG in ADHD EEG in depression EEG in Autism

21. Neuropsychiatric EEG-Based Assessment Aid

23. EEG in ADHD A meta-analysis was performed on quantitative EEG studies that evaluated ADHD using the criteria of the DSM-IV Nine eligible studies (N = 1498) were included Increased beta/theta power compared to control Pooled effect size of 3.08 (95% confidence interval 2.90 to 3.26) for ADHD versus controls (normal children, adolescents, and adults) This effect size of 3.08 predicts a sensitivity and specificity of 94% J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;23(5):440-455.

24. EEG in ADHD Do we really need NEBA to diagnose ADHD?  Pathophysiology

25. Outline Digital Processing of EEG EEG in ADHD EEG in depression EEG in Autism

26. PSG in Depression Latency to REM = 24.50 Minutes (i) impaired sleep continuity (prolonged sleep latency, increased number of intermittent awakenings, early morning awakenings), (ii) disinhibition of REM sleep: shortened REM latency or sleep onset REM periods (SOREMPs, REM latency 0–20 min) prolonged first REM period, elevated REM density (measure of the frequency of rapid eye movements) particularly during the first REM period, (iii) changes of non-REM sleep (decrease of SWS, and sleep stage 2,). (IV) decreased delta power throughout the night

27. REM and Antidepressants Journal of Psychiatric Research 44 (2010) 242–252

28. Quantitative EEG Cordance in Depression 1)Absolute and relative power 2)z-transformed to measure deviation from the mean values for that recording 3) z scores were summed to yield a cordance value for each electrode in each frequency band Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1426–1432

29. Quantitative EEG and Response to Treatment A decrease in prefrontal cordance during the placebo lead-in period were associated with lower final Hamilton depression scale scores in subjects randomly assigned to medication. Prefrontal changes explained 19% of the variance in final Hamilton depression scale scores. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1426–1432

30. Outline Digital Processing of EEG EEG in ADHD EEG in depression EEG in Autism

31. Autism and Coherence In one study carried out in 20 children with autistic disorder and gender, age, and IQ-matched controls, the autism group had increased theta power in the right posterior region, decreased frontal delta power, increased midline beta power, decreased intrahemispheric delta and theta coherence, decreased delta and theta coherence frontally, and decreased delta, theta, and beta coherence posteriorly In another study of 18 adults with autistic disorder and 18 controls, those with autistic disorder were found to have increased power in the 3 to 6 Hz and 13 to 17 Hz bands and less 9 to 10 Hz power as well as elevated theta coherence in the left frontal temporal regions and between frontal and all other regions. 1- Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119(5): 1002-1009. 2- Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(3):270-273.

32. Autism and Coherence Autism Res 2014, 7: 334–343 In Nineteen children with high-functioning ASD: displayed reduced coherence at the alpha frequency between the left and right temporal-parietal lobes in all conditions and reduced coherence at the alpha frequency between left and right frontal lobes during baseline. No group differences in intrahemispheric coherence at the alpha frequency emerged at the chosen statistical threshold. Results suggest decreased interhemispheric connectivity in frontal and temporal-parietal regions in children with ASD compared to controls.

33. Multivariate Approaches To Coherence analysis The simplistic coherence pairwise measurements do not represent the true and quite complicated picture of connectivity anomalies in autism Different forms of multivariate connectivity analysis with increasing levels of sophistication (including one based on principle components analysis, sLORETA source coherence, and Granger causality) This multivariate analysis resembled structural connectivity (MRI-DTI) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2014;8: 1-12

34. Multivariate Approaches To Coherence analysis Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2014;8: 1-12

35. Conclusions Signal analysis applied to EEG in psychiatric diseases is a promising new technology Limitations  Clinical applications  Best signal analysis technique  What are we measuring?  What is the best mathematical construct?  Physiologic basis of the EEG  EPSP and IPSP