1. The Human Immune System Immunology and Disease

2. Basic Definitions Disease: – Types of diseases Hereditary Materials in Environment Pathogen induced Pathogens: Infectious Disease: Vector:

3. Examples of Vector-Bourne Diseases

4. A Case study See Overhead Questions: 1. What is the cause of the disease? - Heredity, Chemicals, pathogen 2. What specific steps would you take to determine the exact cause of the disease?

5. Immunology History For thousands of years people believed that diseases were caused by the devil and medicinal techniques would rely upon spiritual cures – Examples: 1800’s – Germ Theory of Disease – Definition: – Who was responsible? Question still existed: How do you identify the specific pathogen?

6. Koch’s Postulates – The Guideline Pathogen should only be found in a sick organism Isolate the pathogen from the sick organism and grow it in a pure culture

7. Koch’s Postulates – Take 2 Place purified pathogen in new host and compare symptoms Re-isolate the pathogen and make sure it is identical to the original

8. Miscellaneous Topics Why is the human body so perfect for infection? – 3 Reasons Normal Flora – Definition: – Example

9. The Immune System

10. 2 types of responses to an invading pathogen – Non-specific Defenses: – Specific Defenses: Which type of response occurs first?

11. Progression of a pathogen in the body: Breach the outer surface What makes the skin so difficult to breach? Function: Mechanism: Specific or Non-specific defense? What if the pathogen attacks thru the mouth, nose or throat? Mucus and lysozymes

12. Progression of a pathogen in the body: The Inflammatory Response Histamine Increase Blood Flow Veins swell and release blood and WBC’s into infected area White Blood cells attack pathogen

13. The Inflammatory Response Responds to a local infection Damaged cells release histamine Blood flow near the wound increases Blood vessels swell and release phagocytes into surrounding area Additional white blood cells are made and drawn towards the wound

14. Progression of a pathogen in the body: The Inflammatory Response Histamine Increase Blood Flow Veins swell and release blood and WBC’s into infected area White Blood cells attack pathogen

15. Progression of a pathogen in the body FEVER Definition: Why would you raise your body temperature? (3 Reasons) What is Interferon?

16. The Immune System: Progression of a pathogen in the body What if fever does not work? – Specific Defenses Background: Every pathogen has an antigen The antigen triggers the immune response

17. Humoral Response Definition: Key Players: – B-Lymphocytes (B-cells) – T-Lymphocytes (T-cells) – Plasma cells – Antibodies – Phagocyte – The pathogen (Booo!)

18. Humoral Response Antigen THE PATHOGEN!!! BOOOO! HISS!!! BOOO! Blood vessel

19. Humoral Response 1000’s of B-Cells YEAH!!! WE’RE SAVED!!! MY HERO!

20. Humoral Response One Right B-Cell that recognizes the antigen MACHO MACHO MAN I GOT TO BE A MACHO MAN

21. Humoral Response T-Cell Helps to activate the B-Cell P Plasma Cell

22. Humoral Response B-cell makes specific antibody S Y

23. Humoral Response Antibody grabs 2 pathogens Y Help Me!

24. Humoral Response Phagocyte engulfs and destroys both pathogens and the antibody T

25. A review of Humoral Response A B-cell recognizes the pathogen’s antigen The B-cell is activated by the T-cell and becomes a plasma cell The plasma cell makes antibodies The antibodies capture the pathogen and cluster together Phagocyte destroys the entire complex (antibodies and pathogens)

26. Humoral Response It’s better to be prepared – Memory: Humoral Immunity Review Website http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp18/1802004.html

27. CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE If the pathogen begins to infect cells Immune system must destroy the infected cells or the entire organism will die Key Players – Macrophage – T-cells (Killer T-cells) – Pathogen (Booo!)

28. CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE THE PATHOGEN Antigen

29. CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE Macrophage A Large WBC (Macrophage) Engulfs a Pathogen

30. CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE Macrophage learns antigen of pathogen and displays it on its membrane Learned Antigen

31. CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE T-Cell Binds to macrophage and learns the antigen and in doing so BECOMES…

32. CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE Well, actually only a killer t-cell

33. CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE Infected Cell Killer T-cell recognizes the infected cell, binds to the cell and destroys the cell!

34. CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE YEAH, WE’RE SAVED

35. CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE Macrophage engulfs the pathogen and displays the antigen for a T-cell T-cell learns pathogen and hunts out infected cells Once found, T-cells destroy infected cells (thru a process known as apoptosis)

36. Cell mediated response Importance of T-cells in immune system? Cell Mediated Response Review Website http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp18/1802003.html

37. Types of Immunity Permanent Immunity Number of pathogens Duration of Sickness Critical time when sickness becomes symptomatic

38. Types of Immunity Active Immunity (Vaccination) – Definition – Who invented the 1 st vaccine? – Immunity is permanent to that specific type of pathogen – Question: Why must we get multiple vaccines during our lives?

39. Types of Immunity Passive Immunity – Definition: – Provides temporary immunity WHY??? – Why would you get this type of immunity?