1. Improving food and livelihood security through water- energy-agriculture management in Punjab under climate change and variability Kamal Vatta Associate Professor Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India June 19, 2013 kmlvatta@pau.edu

2. Basic Agricultural Characteristics of the Punjab State Geographical area: 5.03 m ha Net sown area: 4.2 m ha Gross Cropped area:7.9 m ha Cropping intensity: 190% Irrigated area: 98% -Through surface water: 26% -Through groundwater:74% N+P+K use: 243 kg/ crop ha Area under rice-wheat rotation: 77% of cropped area Productivity/annum of rice+ wheat: 9.2 t/ha (2011-12) Intensively cultivated area with dominance of rice-wheat crop pattern, double cropped, irrigated and high use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides Source: Official Statistics, Govt. of Punjab

3. Punjab is a Classic Success Story of Green Revolution in India Substantial increase in production of wheat and rice Factors responsible – Expansion in irrigated area – High yielding seeds – Higher use of chemical fertilizers Supported by – Agricultural price and marketing policy – Institutional agricultural credit – Rural electrification, rural roads and rural markets

4. Emerging Issues due to Intensive Agriculture Declining Crop Diversity Stagnation/slow growth in productivity Recent Decline in the Rainfall Depletion in Groundwater Resources

5. Emerging Issues due to Intensive Agriculture Increasing Private Investments in Irrigation: Rising Farm Debt and Suicides Equity Issues in Access to Groundwater: Losing Access to Water Increasing Burden of Power Subsidies in Agriculture: No productive investments and trade-off with industry and households YearTotal Power Consumption (million kwh) Intensity of Power Use (kwh/ha of NAS) Power Subsidy (Rs million) 1974-75696 170.1 NA 1990-915105 1210.2 3850 1995-966300 1523.2 6930 1997-986049 1427.1 11890 2000-015534 1302.2 16590 2005-067314 1744.7 13860 2006-078230 1966.9 17690 2007-089537 2277.8 21600 2008-0910014 2400.9 22950 2009-1010505 2526.5 28090 2010-1110898 2621.0 34870

6. Project Goals Develop long term climate and socio-economic scenarios to inform water, energy and agriculture policy Estimate social and opportunity costs of the electricity subsidy to help formulate a strategy for subsidy reform that promotes resource sustainability, especially water sustainability Develop and test feasible strategies for improved water/energy use and climate resilience through a large scale field experiment

7. The Framework Developing an Incentive Mechanism for Water Saving Technologies and Practices – Using Farmers’ Cooperatives as a hub for potential farm interventions – Tensiometers – Direct Seeding of Rice – Package of Incentives (weather, market and other info) – Insurance Mechanism Promoting Crop Diversification – Value Chains Reorienting the Policy in favour of Water Sustainability – Shifting focus from maximizing production to optimizing production – Energy Pricing: Its Utility as well as Sectoral Trade-off between

9. Field Work: Technologies and Practices 44 villages were 981 tensiometers 100 experiments with direct seeding of rice Village level group meetings were conducted to create awareness about – Two Technologies: 1) Tensiometers 2) DSR

18. Meeting with Cooperative Functionaries-Ludhiana: Upscaling Strategy

19. Upscaling Strategy- Use of Print Media

22. District % Water Savings Power Savings (Kwh/acre) Amritsar16.573 Jalandhar18.069 Kapurthala18.588 Ludhiana17.9112 Moga20.2126 Tarn Taran18.9104 Overall18.6101 IDRC Project: Water and energy saving through tensiometers

23. VarietyControl Plot DSR Plot Water saving % saving Pusa Basmati 1121 126031830464298434.1 Normal duration 257662416116056.2 Pusa 4480787578292295828.4 Overall2325841650376754729.0 IDRC Project: Water saving with Direct Seeding of Rice (cubic meter)

24. MESSAGERESPONSE PAU SEEDSNavjot Singh, Bhatinda, You should plant Basmati 1121 at 4kg per acre PAU MARKETMarket Price of Basmati is Rs 2000-2200. This will remain stable PAU FERTILIZERYou should apply Urea 150, DAP 50 and Zinc 8kgs PAU PESTICIDESpray Tilt 100ml per acre this week MESSAGERESPONSE PAU IRG 2 30Thanks For Sending Irrigation Update for control plot to PAU PAU FERT urea 1 150Thanks For Sending Urea Update for test plot to PAU PAU FERT DAP 2 50Thanks For Sending DAP Update for control plot to PAU PAU CHM 2 100Thanks For Sending Chemical Update for control plot to PAU Two Way Communication One Way Communication Integrating Formhub With Mobile Applications

25. http://pred.iri.columbia.edu:8080/WeatherPrediction/CropModel.jsp Integrating Crop Models DSSAT

26. Diversification Plans and Energy Modeling Optimization Exercise with respect to the resource use carried out at the district level Water and Energy Models CropWater saving (mm) Total water saving potential (thousand ha m) Laser leveling of the fields360504.00 Direct seeding of rice450126.00 Use of tensiometers in rice8567.20 Sowing of wheat with happy seeder 24029.75 Water savings from technologies and practices 726.95 Water savings from crop diversification 1575.00 Total water savings in CDTP scenario 2301.95

27. Plan for the Current Year Continuation of the experiment for field testing – Tensiometers – DSR – Testing of the Soil Moisture Sensors at Experimental level Increased involvement of small and marginal farmers Testing of the up scaling strategies Scaling up of one-way mobile application with the farmers Study of the existing value chains for high value crops Informing the Stakeholders and Facilitating the Policy Debate

28. Thanks Q & A