1. Tennis for Two, 1958, by William Higinbotham, Brookhaven National Lab CSE 380 – Computer Game Programming Graphics Device Management

2. What is a 2D game graphically speaking? Basically 2 things: –Texture rendering (images) –Text rendering Rendering textures & text is easy Efficiently managing the data of the game is not

3. DirectX Windows API for making games Microsoft says “The power of multimedia in Windows, DirectX gives you the best possible experience with graphics, sound, music, and 3-D animation.” API in MSDN: –http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/directx9_m/directx/directx9m.asphttp://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/directx9_m/directx/directx9m.asp

4. DirectX Architecture Windows Win32 Application Direct3DXAudio… Hardware: Audio, Video, Input, Storage … HEL: Hardware Emulation Layer HAL: Hardware Abstraction Layer Software emulation

5. DirectX Devices Represent hardware Direct3D device is the graphics processor Graphics cards can render fast So, we call DirectX methods –they are implemented on the GPU What if you don’t have a GPU? –you can’t play

6. Challenge to PC game programmers Every gamer has a different machine Different graphics cards, which means: –different available screen resolutions –different available color models You want to reach a broad audience What’s the end result? –a headache –a lot of code devoted to dealing with these differences

7. What’s a color model? A format for storing color on the graphics card Many different formats Ex: –32 ARGB 8 bits for Alpha 8 bits for Red 8 bits for Green 8 bits for Blue

8. What does a GPU have? A grid of pixels –match the current screen resolution –when we force to screen it ends up on monitor Memory for additional visual data –ex: textures Implementations of efficient graphics processing algorithms

9. Strategy for creating graphics devices Pick a common resolution, ex: 1024 X 768 Pick a common color model, ex: 32 XRGB When the application starts: –check to make sure the player’s graphics card has these capabilities –What if the player doesn’t have our desired format? have backup choices tell the player to come back when they have a better computer

10. Creating a D3D Graphics Device 1.Make a Direct3D object (LPDIRECT3D9) 2.Get all the available GPU display modes (D3DDISPLAYMODE) 3.Pick one and use it to fill in the setup parameters (D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS) 4.Use parameters to create a graphics device (LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9) 5.Use the graphics device to make a sprite handler (LPD3DXSPRITE) –More on using this in a minute

11. Setup Direct3D Methods CreateDevice Direct3DCreate9 EnumAdapterModes GetAdapterModeCount … These can tell us about the capabilities of the GPU

12. Making a Direct3D Object Let’s us make other stuff LPDIRECT3D9 d3d; … d3d = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION); How about getting the available modes? –each color mode is numbered –lets look for all modes in 1-1000 range (way overkill)

13. vector *displayOptions = new vector (); int adapterCounter = 1; D3DFORMAT format; while (adapterCounter < 1000) { format = D3DFORMAT(adapterCounter); int numAdapters = d3d->GetAdapterModeCount( D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, format); D3DDISPLAYMODE *displayModes = new D3DDISPLAYMODE[numAdapters]; for (int i = 0; i < numAdapters; i++) { d3d->EnumAdapterModes(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, format, i, &displayModes[i]); displayOptions->push_back(&displayModes[i]); } adapterCounter++; } Getting all display modes

14. Does it have our desired format? bool hasMode = false; vector ::iterator iterator; iterator = displayOptions->begin(); while ((iterator != displayOptions->end()) && !hasMode) {D3DDISPLAYMODE *testMode = (*iterator); if ((testMode->Format == DEFAULT_COLOR_MODE) && (testMode->Width == DEFAULT_SCREEN_WIDTH) && (testMode->Height == DEFAULT_SCREEN_HEIGHT)) hasMode = true; iterator++; } Now we can make our graphics device & sprite handler

15. LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9graphicsDevice; D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERSpresentParameters; LPD3DXSPRITEspriteHandler; … ZeroMemory(&presentParameters,sizeof(presentParameters)); presentParameters.Windowed = true; presentParameters.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD; presentParameters.hDeviceWindow = hWnd; presentParameters.BackBufferFormat= formatToUse; presentParameters.BackBufferWidth= screenWidthToUse; presentParameters.BackBufferHeight= screenHeightToUse; HRESULT result = d3d->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, presentParameters.hDeviceWindow, D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING, &presentParameters, &graphicsDevice); result = D3DXCreateSprite(graphicsDevice, &spriteHandler);

16. So what? LPD3DXSPRITE can draw 2D images LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 can draw text To draw text we need a LPD3DXFONT

17. Making a font object LPD3DXFONT textFont; … HRESULT result = D3DXCreateFont( graphicsDevice, 20, 0, FW_BOLD, 0, FALSE, DEFAULT_CHARSET, OUT_DEFAULT_PRECIS, DEFAULT_QUALITY, DEFAULT_PITCH | FF_MODERN, TEXT(""), &textFont );

18. Oh, and we need to load images For this, we need a color key. What’s that? –color ignored while loading an image Why would this be useful? –game shapes aren’t all rectangular Important methods: –D3DXGetImageInfoFromFile –D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx Let’s use them:

19. D3DXIMAGE_INFO info; HRESULT result = D3DXGetImageInfoFromFile(fileName, &info); if (result == S_OK) {D3DCOLOR colorKey = D3DCOLOR_XRGB(96, 128, 224); LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 textureToLoad; result = D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx( graphicsDevice,fileName, info.Width,info.Height, 1,D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, D3DFMT_UNKNOWN,D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, texture, D3DX_DEFAULT, colorKey, &info, NULL, &textureToLoad );

20. Now we want to draw them There is a bit of overhead in rendering a single texture Solution? –pool that overhead –called batch texture rendering

21. Each Frame 1.clear screen 2.reserve the GPU for rendering 3.start sprite batch 4.render all textures 5.render text 6.end sprite batch 7.unreserve the GPU 8.force the GPU to the screen

22. Rendering a frame graphicsDevice->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(96, 96, 96), 1.0f, 0); graphicsDevice->BeginScene(); spriteHandler->Begin(D3DXSPRITE_ALPHABLEND); result = spriteHandler->Draw(texture, imageRect, NULL, &position, alphaColor); result = textFont->DrawText (spriteHandler, L"Render this Text", -1, &textRect, DT_LEFT, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(96, 96, 96) ); spriteHandler->End(); graphicsDevice->EndScene(); graphicsDevice->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

23. Did you get all that? Believe me, you’ll get used to it

24. Texture Management Skilled game programmers recycle images Think of a tiled game background –the same images duplicated many times Efficient Solution: texture manager When you load a level: –load one of each needed image into a level texture manager –for rendering, refer to image indices in texture manager

25. What might a texture manager do? Store all textures Store all names of texture files & paths map textures; Provide methods for: –loading, accessing, reloading, etc.

26. We might also want a string table vector stringTable; Why? –int s take up less memory than wstring s So how do we use it? –when initializing game items use image index –game items store stringTable index to represent texture –when time to draw, ask stringTable for string at index –swap string for texture in texture manager

27. We’ll use 2 TextureManagers One for the GUI One for the Level Why use 2?

28. Windowed vs Fullscreen mode Windowed: –Can minimize, maximize, hit “x” to close, etc. –Share GPU –Share all resources Fullscreen –you get the resources –how do we get out? Game control (exit game for example) ALT-TAB

29. The Evil ALT-TAB When in Full-Screen mode: –What happens when someone ALT-TABS? We lose the graphics device How do we get it back? Someone needs to ALT-TAB back –How can we deal with this? Check to see if our game has the GPU every single frame

30. HRESULT result = graphicsDevice->TestCooperativeLevel(); if (SUCCEEDED(result)) { // RENDER THE GAME HERE } else if (result == D3DERR_DEVICELOST) { // SOME OTHER APPLICATION HAS THE GPU, MAYBE // AN ALT-TAB, WE JUST HAVE TO KEEP TRYING TO // GET IT BACK Sleep(100); } else if (result == D3DERR_DEVICENOTRESET) { // YAY! WE GOT THE GPU BACK, MAYBE SOMEONE ALT-TABBED BACK // RESET THE GRAPHICS CARD AND RELOAD ALL THE TEXTURES if (FAILED(graphicsDevice->Reset(&presentParameters))) // RELOAD ALL IMAGES }