2. The Origin of Vaccines Jennifer Craig B.S.N., M.A., Ph.D., D.Hom. February 17, 2010

3. Smallpox Rash

4. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 1689 - 1762

5. Lady Mary and Inoculation

6. Dr. Lettsom 1806 Deaths from Smallpox Inoculation 42 years prior to inoculation = 72 per thousand 42 years after inoculation = 89 per thousand

7. Edward Jenner 1749-1823 Fellow of Royal Society for paper on cuckoos Apprenticed to an apothecary and a barber-surgeon Set up practice as barber-surgeon Purchased MD

8. Dr. Walter Hadwen JP, MD, LRCP, MRCS, LSA 1854 - 1932 “Now this man Jenner had never passed a medical examination in his life… he obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine for the sum of ₤15.”

9. Gloucestershire

10. Dr. Charles Creighton 1847-1927 Jenner and Vaccination: a Strange Chapter of Medical History Published 1889 and recently re- published

11. Cowpox and Smallpox Cowpox (Orthopox vaccinia) – occurs on teats of cows only when in milk Smallpox (Orthopox variola) – found only in humans

12. Jenner and James Phipps 1796

13. Bogus Test July 2, 1796 Did not use smallpox pus in inoculation test Used pus from an artificial inoculation

15. Dr. Charles Creighton “To a pathologist or epidemiologist, it is as truly nonsense to speak of cowpox becoming smallpox as it is legitimate nonsense to prove that a horse-chest­ nut is a chestnut horse.”

16. Myth that Cowpox Prevented Smallpox “The cow doctors (vets) could have told him of hundreds of cases where smallpox had followed cowpox.” Hadwen Jenner called these cases “spurious cowpox” but “spuriousness … had no other ground than the failure to ward off smallpox.” Creighton

17. Further tests Tried to convince people that source of smallpox lay in an infection of horse’s hooves, known as ‘grease.’ March 16, 1798, inoculated John Baker, age 5, with pus from horse with grease. Boy developed a sloughing ulcer but he was “rendered unfit for inoculation by unhappily becoming a corpse.”

18. Outcome for James Phipps Developed ulcers at inoculation sites Possible erysipelas Tuberculosis

19. Outcome for Jenner Statues Museum Revered in history My son visiting Gloucester Cathedral

21. 1807 Parliament granted Jenner equivalent of half a million of today’s dollar. Voted 59 for and 56 against. Promised his product had the “singularly beneficial effect of rendering through life the person so inoculated perfectly secure from the infection of smallpox.”

22. Making a Smallpox Vaccine

23. Original vaccine ingredients Pus, scabs, sero-sanginous discharge Glycerine

24. Years Three epidemics % Increase in Population Deaths from Smallpox 1857 – 58 - 5914,244 1863 – 64 - 657%20.059 1870 – 71 - 7210%44,840 Tebb, 1884 Compulsory Vaccination 1853

25. EpidemicDatesIncrease population Increase in Smallpox Deaths from Smallpox 1st1857 – 58 - 5914,244 2 nd 1863 – 64 - 65 7% 50%20,059 3 rd 1870 – 71 – 7210%120%44,840 Deaths from smallpox in first 10 years after compulsory vaccination, 1854 - 1863 33,515 In second 10 years, 1864 - 187370,458 Tebb, 1884

26. YearsVaccinations per 100 births (%) Deaths from Smallpox (total) Deaths from Smallpox (per 100,000 population) 1872- 1881 85.5199915.2 1882- 1891 82.2 92334.1 1892– 1901 68.0 436 1.4 1902– 1911 67.4 395 1.2 1912– 1921 43.5 12 0.1

27. William Farr 1807 - 1883 Before compulsory vaccination: Mean mortality for 10,000 population = 2.04 After compulsory vaccination: Mean mortality for 10,000 population = 10.24

28. James Biggs Sanitary Inspector of Leicester Clean markets Clean streets Garbage removal Sanitary housing Pure water supply

29. James Biggs Leicester 1892-3: 19.3 cases of smallpox per 10,000 in Leicester 1892-3: 123.3 cases in similar- sized Warrington with 99.2% vaccinated.

30. Dr. John Tilden (1851-1940) “There is no question but that perfect sanitation has almost obliterated this disease (smallpox), and sooner or later will dispose of it entirely. Of course, when that time comes, in all probability credit will be given to vaccination.”

31. Dr. Walter Hadwen JP, MD, LRCP, MRCS, LSA 1854 - 1932 Gave an address on January 25, 1896 about vaccination to the people of Gloucester. whale.to/m/hadwen9.html

32. Hadwen’s Address, 1896 Goddard’s Assembly Rooms turned into Theatre de Luxe in 1919

33. London attic 1863

34. London 1866

35. Dr. L. A. Parry, BMJ, Jan. 1928 1.How is it that smallpox is five times as likely to be fatal in the vaccinated as in the unvaccinated? 2.How is it that, as the % of people vaccinated has steadily fallen, the number of people attacked with variola has declined pari passu? 3.How is it that in some of our best vaccinated towns smallpox is rife whilst in some of our worst vaccinated towns it is almost unknown?

36. Dr. L. A. Parry cont. 4.How is it that 80% of the cases admitted to smallpox hospitals have been vaccinated whilst 20% have not? 5.How is it that in Germany, the best vaccinated country in the world, there are more deaths in proportion to the population than in England? 6.Is it possible to explain the lessened incidence and fatality of smallpox … due to improved hygiene and administrative control?

37. Reply to Parry We think Dr. Parry, in his desire for enlightenment, would have been wiser not to introduce assumptions of fact into the framework of his questions.

38. Registrar General of England 1910 – 1933: 109 children under five died of smallpox 1910 – 1933: 270 children died from vaccination 1934 – 1961: No children under five died from smallpox 1934 – 1961: 115 children died from vaccination

39. Dr. Charles Creighton “It is difficult to conceive what will be the excuse made for a century of cowpoxing; but it cannot be doubted that the practice will appear in as absurd a light to the common sense of the twentieth century as blood- letting now does to us.”

40. George Bernard Shaw 1931 “I have no doubt whatsoever that vaccination is an unscientific abomination and should be made a criminal practice.”

41. Dr. Beddow Baily, 1936 “It would seem impossible for a rational mind to conceive that a filthy virus derived from a smallpox corpse, the ulcerated udder of a cow, or the running sores of a sick horse’s heels, and cultivated in scabbed festers on a calf’s abdomen could fail to have disastrous effects when inoculated into the human body.”

42. Dr. Jennifer Craig, 2010 Thank you for participating in this webinar