1. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-1 Chapter 16 National income, expenditure and product E Y P $

2. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-2 Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product (GDP) = the market value of all final goods and services produced in the economy in a given period (e.g. 1 year) No double counting. The market value of a final good includes the value added at each stage of production GDP is a measure of productive activity; it excludes: – Second-hand goods – Shares and bonds trading – Transfer payments (e.g. social security payments )

3. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-3 Nominal and Real GDP Nominal (money) GDP = GDP at current prices – Australia’s GDP in 1997: $529.2 billion Real GDP = GDP at constant prices (adjusted for inflation) – Annual % change in real GDP = economic growth

4. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-4 Australia’s Nominal and Real GDP Growth, 1991 to 2003, % p.a. –2.0 –1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 1990 199219941996199820002002 % p.a. Real GDP Nominal GDP Source: Adapted from OECD, Economic Outlook, July 2004.

5. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-5 Measures of GDP Three different methods of measuring GDP – GDP(I) = income approach – GDP(E) = expenditure approach – GDP(P) = production approach Statistical identity: Y = E = P GDP(A) = average of the three measures

6. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-6 Value Added Market value of the final product, $2, equals the sum of the values added at each stage of the production process Value added is the value of a firm’s production less the cost of any intermediate goods or services used in production Sum of Value Added = Final Sales Price

7. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-7 GDP Calculation GDP excludes non-productive transactions: – Non-market items such as the activities of charities and homemakers are excluded GDP also excludes: – Purely financial transactions – Buying and selling shares – Second-hand sales – Public transfer payments (social security payments)

8. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-8 Two Sides to GDP: Expenditure and Income The amount spent on this year’s output e.g. – Consumption expenditure by households, plus – Government purchases of goods and services, plus – Investment expenditure by businesses, plus – Net export expenditures Income derived from the production of this year’s output e.g. – Wagesplus – Rents plus – Interestplus – Profits plus – Non-income charges or allocations

9. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-9 GDP May Be Expressed As Output: GDP(O) Expenditure: GDP(E) Income: GDP(I) Average of these three: GDP(A)

10. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-10 Aggregate Demand/GDP(E) GDP(E) = aggregate demand (AD) = total expenditures on final goods and services = C + I + G + (X – M) Main components: – Private final consumption (C) = expenditure on consumer goods and services – Private investment (I) = spending on capital goods – Government spending (G) = spending on final goods and services by government – Net exports (X – M) = expenditure by foreigners on our output as well as by our own citizens on foreign items

11. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-11 Personal Consumption Expenditures (C) Expenditures by households on – Durable consumer goods (e.g. cars, refrigerators, videos) – Non-durable consumer goods (bread, milk, beer) – Services (banking, legal, car repairs) ‘C’ includes expenditure on imported as well as Australian-produced goods and services (about 60% of total aggregate demand)

12. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-12 Determinants of Personal Consumption (C) Disposable income Consumer wealth (e.g. stocks, bonds, real estate) Consumer expectations/economic circumstances Credit conditions (interest rates, money supply) Taxes (e.g. income tax, indirect taxes) Marketing

13. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-13 Private Investment (I) Most volatile component (12–19%). Includes – All final purchases of machinery, equipment and tools by business enterprises – All building and construction – Changes in stocks (or inventories) Main influences – Rates of taxation and government incentives – Cost and availability of credit – Business confidence/profit expectations – Degree of excess capacity

14. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-14 Government Spending (G) Represents about 20–25 % of GDP(E) It excludes all government transfer payments (unemployment benefits etc.) G 1 = Current expenditure by the government sector required for the day-to-day operation of government (e.g. wages and salaries of government employees, materials and power) G 2 = Expenditure on capital goods and services by the government sector (e.g. schools, hospitals, transport and telecommunications) (cont.)

15. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-15 Government Spending (G) (cont.) Main influences – The state of the economy – Ability to provide funds (e.g. from taxes or borrowings) – Political and economic considerations

16. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-16 Net exports (X – M) Spending by foreigners on Australian goods and services, and A portion of the totals of C, I and G is for goods and services that have been imported—that is, produced overseas The total value of imports (M) must be estimated and subtracted from C + I + G + X to avoid an overstatement of total production in Australia

17. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-17 Influences on Net Exports The world economy (GDP growth in major economies). Exports are to increase in line with GDP growth (and imports) in major partner countries Cost competitiveness – Labour productivity and capital efficiency – Exchange rates (e.g. a strong Australian dollar will encourage M and discourage X) Government’s external policies

18. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-18 Australia’s GDP(E), 2001–02, A$ Billion and % of Total ComponentA$ billion% of Total GDP Private Consumption (C) 419.360.2 Private Investment (I) 130.618.8 G 1 + G 2 151.721.8 Exports (X)150.621.6 – Imports (M)–156.2–22.4 TOTAL GDP696.0100.0 Source: Adapted from ABS, Year Book Australia, 2004, p. 771.

19. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-19 International GDP Comparisons ($US Billion) World Bank Atlas method = conversion of GDP in national currency to US$ using the 3-year average annual exchange rate Example – Australia’s GDP: A$401.4 billion – Average annual exchange rate: A$1 = US$0.7031 – GDP = A$401.4 x 0.7031 = US$282.2 billion

20. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-20 The World’s Largest Economies (GDP in 2003 US$ Billion), World Atlas Method 1.United States 10 8819.Canada 834 2.Japan 432610. Mexico 626 3.Germany 240111.Korea Rep. 605 4. United Kingdom 179512.India 599 5. France 174813. AUSTRALIA 518 6. Italy 146614. Netherlands 512 7. China 141015. Brazil 492 8. Spain 836WORLD GDP: 36 356 Source: Adapted from World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2004, http://www.worldbank.org.

21. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-21 Structure of Aggregate Demand in Asia Pacific, 2001, % (World Bank) Economy/ region Household consumption expenditure % Government consumption expenditure % Gross capital formation % Net exports % East Asia (LDC) 5212315 Singapore 42122422 Hong Kong 5910265 Japan 5618250 Australia 6019230 Source: Adapted from the World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2003, Table 4.9.

22. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-22 Related National Income Concepts Gross National Expenditure (GNE) = C + I + G – Total domestic demand on goods and services. No exports National Income (NI) = income received by a country’s residents = GDP – (net income paid overseas + depreciation allowances)

23. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-23 The Business Cycle % change Real GDP Expansion Time Trough Peak Trough Contraction

24. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-24 Consumption and Saving In terms of absolute size, C is the main component of total spending (AD) with about 62% in 1996–97 Personal saving = that part of disposable income (DI) that is not consumed Average propensity to consume (APC) = the fraction or percentage of total disposable income that is consumed Average propensity to save (APS) = the fraction or proportion of total DI that is saved APC + APS = 1

25. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-25 The Multiplier The multiplier = the ratio of the income shift brought about by a change in (investment) spending (See text Figures 16.4 and 16.5, p. 296) Example – An income increase of $100 results in an $80 increase in consumption – MPC = 80/100= 0.8 (cont.)

26. Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPT Slides t/a Economics for Business 3e by Fraser, Gionea and Fraser 16-26 The Multiplier (cont.) Therefore, MPS = 20/100 = 0.2 The multiplier (M) is the no. of times by which changes in GDP exceed the initial change in aggregate spending, brought about by changes in income