1. France in the Nineteenth Century
: July Monarchy (Orleanists)
1848: Revolution
: Second Republic
: Second Empire (Napoleon III)
: Third Republic
1871: Paris Commune

2. A Century of Political Conflict
Three “revolutions” in 40 years: 1830, 1848, and
A multi-dimensional struggle between two parties of royalists (Legitimists and Orleanists), moderate and radical republicans, Bonapartists, and socialists

3. Economic and Social Change
Industrialization, but less pronounced than in England
Urbanization: growth of cities and towns
Migration from villages to cities and towns
Declining birth rate, i.e., slower population growth than in Britain and in German states
Despite these changes, most French people were poor, barely literate peasants living in the countryside where the priest and the landlord were important figures. However, elementary education did expand significantly in this period.

4. France in International Affairs
Small, scattered empire: Saint-Pierre and Miquelon; Martinique and Guadeloupe; French Guiana; Senegal
1830: Algeria;
: Crimean War
: Italian War
Mexican fiasco,
1870: Franco-Prussian War
1870s and 1880s: Tahiti; Southeast Asia; North and West Africa

5. July Monarchy,
The Orleanist king, Louis-Philippe, replaced the reactionary Bourbon king, Charles X.
This regime was considered liberal but hostile to Legitimists, republicans, and workers.
It favored the bourgeoisie, capitalism, and laissez-faire economics.
It had a two-house legislature, but voting rights required ownership of substantial property.
Republicans agitated for greater freedom of the press and for an extension of the right to vote.

6. Revolution of 1848 and Second Republic, 1848-1852
February Days: Louis-Philippe abdicated; universal male suffrage and republic proclaimed
June Days: brutal repression of workers protest against closing of national workshops in Paris
Election of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, December 1848
Legislative elections of 1849: return of “spectre rouge”
Coup d’etat of 1851

7. Second Empire,
Constitutional reform: Legislative Body and Senate replaced Legislative Assembly
Voting rights restricted by residence requirements
Censorship
Plebiscites
Adolphe Thiers: “essential liberties”

8. Second Empire, , cont.d
Napoleon III’s ambiguous record on labor
Author of On the Extinction of Pauperism
Sponsored French delegation to international workers congress in London in 1864
Permitted workers to strike but prohibited labor unions
Rebuilding of Paris: destruction of old quartiers; construction of broad avenues connecting large public monuments

9. Second Empire, 1852-70, cont’d “Liberal Empire” 1860-1870
Gave more power to the legislature
Loosened censorship
Allowed freer elections
Signed Cobden-Chevalier commercial treaty with Britain lowering duties on imports from each country, opening French industry to competition
Did not satisfy royalists or republicans

10. Franco-Prussian War, 1870
Hohenzollern (i.e., German) candidacy to the Spanish throne
Ems telegram
Rapid defeat of the French; siege of Paris
Capture of Napoleon III at Sedan
Proclamation of a Third Republic in France
Bismarck imposes harsh terms

11. Franco-Prussian War, cont’d
Terms of the armistice
Loss of Alsace-Lorraine
Large indemnity
Occupation of France by German troops
Entrance of Prussian troops into French capital
Election of a national assembly in France

12. Paris Commune, Spring 1871
A civil war in France: Versailles against Paris
Defense of Paris: “guns of Montmartre”
A democratic municipal government
With a reputation for socialism
Atrocities on both sides: execution of the Archbishop of Paris; the “Wall of the Federalists” at Père Lachaise cemetery

13. The Third Republic,
Adolphe Thiers, “Chief of the Executive Power”
A national assembly with a monarchist majority; the issue of the war; Gambetta
The Count de Chambord will not give in
Orleanists and moderate republicans reach a compromise
A conservative republic

14. The Third Republic to the Dreyfus Affair, 1898
1877: The seize mai crisis: the threat of a return of the monarchy
1886: The Boulanger affair
1893: The Panama scandal
: The Dreyfus Affair: Zola and Clemenceau; the “cleansing” of the army of monarchists; the separation of church and state
Socialists and government: Alexandre Millerand

15. France in the early 20th Century
The III Republic had endured 30 years.
Paris was a center of artistic experimentation (Picasso; cubism; art nouveau)
Socialism had become firmly rooted in both trade and labor unions and in political parties.
The Catholic Church was on the defensive.
Rural-to-urban migration accelerated
Germany was a powerful military force.
Colonies in Africa and Asia had greatly increased the size of the French Empire.