1. Political Change During the 19 th Century By: Ana Newman, Rebecca Warren, and Lauren Pintabona

2. Rise of Labor Force Proletarianization-labor became essential for the marketplace Often disciplined for drunkenness, being late, etc. Confection-goods are produced in standard sizes and styles Increased division of labor Less skill required Lower wages Hazardous conditions Liberals disapproved  laborers strike Reform groups rise

3. Chartism Peaceful social change The first pro-social reform movement Feargus O’Connor=most important Chartist leader Reform Act (1832) didn’t extend political power outside of the wealthy  creation of the Charter (list of petitions) 1838-William Lovett Votes for all men Secret ballot Annual election Equal electoral districts Pay for members of Parliament End to property qualification

4. Luddites (1811-1816) Led by Ned Ludd Protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution Threatened magistrates and merchants Many mills were destroyed  execution and transportation as prisoners to Australia

5. Early Socialism One of the major political forces in Europe Government took steps to make changes after the Industrial Revolution Abolition of slavery, new poor law, state agencies Divided into four major groups: Marxism Trade unionism Anarchism Utopian socialism

6. Beliefs of Early Socialists Free market couldn’t produce goods the way classical markets had Society should be organized as a community Capitalism: Mismanaged Low wages Suffering Goods misdistributed

7. Marxism Dominated Soviet Union after Bolshevik Revolution Spread due to competition with other socialist groups in Germany Based on German Hegelianism, French Utopian socialism, and British classical economics Concepts: Criticized capitalist society Claimed scientific accuracy Rejected reform Supported revolution

8. Karl Marx Born in Germany Went to university of Berlin and studied Hegelian philosophy Edited Rhineland Gazette Exiled to Paris, Brussels, then London Became friends with Friedrich Engels Father owned a textile factory in England The Condition of the Working Class in England Published Communist Manifesto along with Marx Created communism Abolition of private property Karl Marx

9. Communist Manifesto (1848) “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles…..” “Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class….” “The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a constant battle….” “The advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the bourgeoisie, replaces the isolation of the labourers, due to competition, by their revolutionary combination, due to association. The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, is its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable…” “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win.” -Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

10. Revolution between capitalistic bourgeoisie (middle class) and the industrial proletariat (working class) Inevitable conflict between classes causes revolution Reform cannot eliminate evils. However, social transformation can Proletariat victory  no one group of people oppressing another for the first time in history Marxism helped spread ideology and therefore the utopian vision of ultimate human liberation

11. Anarchism Rejected both industry and the dominance of government Some groups favored terrorism and violence while others were peaceful Anarchists favored cooperative businesses whose goal was to favor the community’s good over that of the individual Absolute fairness was a belief that all anarchists held Two famous anarchists were Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Auguste Blanqui

12. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon(1809- 1865) Represented the peaceful side of anarchism What is Property?(1840) attacked the banking system Believed society should be based on mutualism and the state would therefore be unnecessary Influenced the French labor movement Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

13. Auguste Blanqui Represented the violence and terror of anarchism Wanted to abolish capitalism and the state Wanted to develop a professional revolutionary vanguard Auguste Blanqui

14. Utopian Socialism Ideas were visionary Supported the creation of ideal communities They questioned the structures and values of the existing capitalistic framework Three types of utopian socialist groups were: Saint-Simonianists, Owenists, and Fourierists

15. Utopian Beliefs Life presents many potentials that could be perfected Human society was a product of the human mind Lewis Mumford The Story of Utopias Government should be centralized to permit change Each utopia was a “closed society for the prevention of human growth”

16. Saint-Simonianism Leader was Count Claude Henri de Saint- Simon(1760-1825) Modern society needed rational management Private properties should be owned by administrators and not individual owners Claude Henri de Saint-Simon

17. Owenism Leader was Robert Owen(1771-1858) Wanted to join all British trade unions into a single union=failed Created a new model for the organization of industry Believed in environmental psychology The character of humans can be improved if they are placed in the right surroundings Robert Owen

18. Fourierism Leader was Charles Fourier(1772-1837) Wanted to create phalanxes (communities free of boredom and dullness) Louis Blanc (1822-1882) Created the Organization of Labor Political reform, suffrage for the working class Charles Fourier

19. The Making of the English Working Class (1963) "I am seeking to rescue the poor stockinger, the Luddite cropper, the "obsolete" hand-loom weaver, the "utopian" artisan, and even the deluded follower of Joanna Southcott, from the enormous condescension of posterity." -E.P. Thompson

20. Trade Unionism Trade unionism came of age when governments extended legal protections to unions during the late 1800s Unions became completely legal in: Great Britain-1871 France-1884 Germany-1890 In the beginning, unions did not really participate in politics. This changed as time progressed. Unions grew rapidly during the industrialization of the 19 th century, but most of the European workforce never joined unions.

21. Conservatism Started by Edmund Burke Rejected principles of the French Revolution Respected authority Wanted to restore traditional values Social legislation Cooperation between rich and poor Edmund Burke

22. Liberalism Supported change Political liberalism Wanted to protect individuals from the state Supported the law Economic liberalism Little government interference in the economy Wanted a capitalistic free market Ownership of private property Opposed by socialist groups

23. Fabianism British movement Wanted to advance society by gradual reform and not revolution Wanted to protect England from foreign competition Thought capitalism was unjust and inefficient Fabian Essays in Socialism (1889) Contained outlines for social legislation and reform

24. Democracy Government by the people for the people Majority rule One form of political party Reduces political instability Political equality Opposed by anarchists