1. Overview of Building Blocks of Participation at the Macro Level Parmesh Shah Participation Coordinator The World Bank Email:pshah@worldbank.org http://www.worldbank.org/participation

2. 2 Some key considerations for designing participatory processes at macro level Need to move from participation as an input to producing papers and documents to participation for achieving sustainable poverty reduction outcomes Participation is not an end in itself Participatory processes are likely to be a key link between intended strategies and effective outcomes

3. 3 Some key considerations for designing participatory processes at macro level Participatory processes are more critical during implementation and monitoring of strategies Participation should not be perceived and used as a conditionality but as an opportunity for achieving effective outcomes Participatory processes are adaptive, cyclical, incremental and iterative Institutional mechanisms to anchor and backstop participatory approaches, e.g. UPPAP, Public Affairs Center, IDASA.

4. 4 FORMULATION EVALUATION IMPACT ASSESSMENT IMPLEMENTATION Analytical / Diagnostic Preparatory Work Formal Approval PRS CYCLE

5. 5 What is participation? Participation is the process through which stakeholders influence and share control over priority setting, policy-making, resource allocations and access to public goods and services.

6. 6 The Building Blocks of Participation

7. 7 Building Blocks for Participation in the PRSP Poverty reduction actions  ---  Poverty diagnostics Public Action Choices  ---  Public Expenditure Management Policy Choices  ---  Macroeconomic reform Poverty reduction outcomes  ---  Monitoring implementation and results of policies

8. 8 Outcomes – Poverty Diagnostics (Based On Use Of Participatory Approaches) Choice of poverty actions based on specific concerns of the poor including vulnerability, insecurity and governance Integration of quantitative and qualitative aspects of poverty actions in defining specific interventions in PRS

9. 9 Outcomes – Poverty Diagnostics (contd.) Civic engagement and participatory processes which enable poor communities and their institutions to participate effectively in poverty diagnosis, analysis and monitoring.

10. 10 Use of Participatory Poverty Diagnostics and Analysis: Some examples Stable income generating opportunities related to non-farm sector for small landholders and landless in the Mekong delta in Vietnam Increasing credit for agricultural production for women producers in Uganda

11. 11 Use of Participatory Poverty Diagnostics and Analysis: Some examples (contd.) Communal livestock management systems and micro insurance in view of rapid depletion of livestock related assets and livelihoods in rural Mongolia

12. 12 Outcomes – Public Expenditure Management Accountable, transparent and efficient resource allocation, expenditures and service delivery Civic engagement in budgeting, expenditure tracking and monitoring service delivery

13. 13 Outcomes – Public Expenditure Management (contd.) Increased ability of communities and their organizations to participate in budgeting processes, expenditure tracking and monitoring quality,quantity and effectiveness of service delivery Demystification of budgets and analysis to enable information exchange and discussions in parliament, media and civil society

14. 14 PARTICIPATORY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT Performance Monitoring Budget Expenditure Monitoring Budget Formulation/Review

15. 15 Strategies to Exert Accountability in Managing Public Expenditure Participatory budget formulation/review Public Expenditure tracking Citizen report cards and surveys to client feedback on public services Public feedback mechanisms Community/citizen monitoring of public projects/expenditures/over-all performance Public disclosure initiatives

16. 16 Improving Public Services – Citizen Report Cards, Bangalore (India) Determine user perceptions on the quality, efficiency and adequacy of public services Create a ‘ report card ’ that rates the performance of all major public service providers Disseminate ‘ report cards ’ to the public and the rated agencies Mobilize citizen and government support for exerting accountability

17. 17 Outcomes – Macroeconomic policy formulation & reform Multi-stakeholder institutional arrangements and consensus in key areas of policy formulation and implementation

18. 18 Outcomes – Macroeconomic policy formulation & reform (contd.) Development of mechanisms for negotiation and rules of engagement between key stakeholder groups. Demystification of the macro policy issues in terms of specific issues impacting various stakeholders and disseminating information more widely and publicly to enable participation and civic engagement

19. 19 Multi-stakeholder social partnership forum in Ireland Negotiated process over 5 yrs to evolve consensus on key elements of fiscal and monetary policy (e.g. Budget deficits, wage rates, social sector spending and safety nets) Key Impacts - Movement from budget deficit to surplus - Increased participation of civil society in economic decision making

20. 20 Outcomes – Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation Development of feedback mechanisms and participatory monitoring systems which enable citizens and key stakeholders within the government to monitor key poverty actions, public actions and outcomes as a part of PRS formulation and implementation

21. 21 Outcomes – Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (contd.) A citizen report card on PRS performance and implementation and mechanisms to incorporate citizen feedback in adaptation and improvement of the PRS (increased citizen empowerment)

22. 22 Aspects of the Participation in PRSP 1. Intra-governmental Participation Finance & Economic Ministry Line Ministries Parliament Public services National government Local government 2. Civic engagement at national level 3. Civic engagement at local level