1. Introduction: The Science of Biology

2. Characteristics of Living Things  Biology – the study of life. All life has 7 unifying characteristics: A. Cells (organization) 1. the basic building blocks of life 2. organelles – small structures that perform specific functions w/in the cell

3. 3. An organisms “body type” can be: a. unicellular – consists of a single cell b. multicellular – combine & functions together “Cell Types” Prokaryotic -simple -no nucleus Eukaryotic -complex -has a nucleus

4. B. Obtain & Use Energy 1. All organisms need to obtain & use large amounts of energy to fuel chemical reactions 2. Metabolism – the sum of all processes & chemical reactions in an organism

5. 3. What is the ultimate source of Energy? How is this energy utilized? Photosynthesis SUN Heterotroph – need to consume food to obtain energy Autotroph – produces its own food. Obtains its energy directly from the sun

6. C. Homeostasis 1. the maintenance of internal conditions; controlled by nervous system and hormones 2. metabolism works only when internal conditions are steady & stable

9. D. Response to Stimuli 1. homeostasis works only when organisms interact & respond to environment & surroundings 2. organisms must make proper adjustments in order to maintain homeostasis & regulate metabolism Ex. foraging, migration, sweating, shivering

10. E. Regulated Growth & Development 1. the end result of metabolism 2. Growth = increase in size Development = change & differentiation 3. carefully controlled growth leads to normal adult shape & function  uncontrolled growth destroys life (ex. cancer)

11. F. Reproduction 1. necessary to produce offspring in order to continue the species 2. two kinds:

12. a. asexual – 1 parent; genetically identical offspring (simply split in two; binary fission) b. sexual – 2 parents; joining of an egg and sperm during fertilization. Get genetic variation  DIVERSITY

13. G. Adaptation & Evolution 1. reproduction often involves genetic variation, organisms will inherit traits that enhance their survival & reproductive success in an environment 2. Natural selection chooses organisms that can “adapt” to changes so they can function; these organisms are more fit & likely to survive  “Survival of the Fittest” 3. SO, the diversity we see in life is a result of adaptaton  organisms “change over time” and thus evolve…

14. * All living things share these 7 basic characteristics * This unity suggests that all life descended from a common ancestor. * However, the diversity of life suggests that the evolution from this common ancestor has been a Descent with Modification  making adaptations to different environments and ways of life

15. Why Do We Classify Organisms? Biologists group organisms to represent similarities and proposed relationships. Classification systems change with expanding knowledge about new and well-known organisms. Placing organisms into domains and their subdivisions is a classification scheme that indicates the evolutionary relationships of the organisms being studied. Helpful to have a universal system to group these organisms. Tacitus bellus BioEd Online II. Classification of Living Things

16. Leucaena leucocephala Lead tree Classification Taxonomy discipline to classify organisms according to similar features and assign each organism a universally accepted name Binomial Nomenclature Two part name (Genus, species) Hierarchical Classification Seven Taxonomic Categories (DKPCOFGS) BioEd Online

17. Carolus von Linnaeus (1707-1778) Swedish scientist who laid the foundation for modern taxonomy Binomial Nomenclature Carolus von Linnaeus Two-word naming system Homo sapiens Genus (Homo) Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized Species (sapiens) Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized BioEd Online

18. Hierarchical Classification Taxonomic categories DomainDashing KingdomKing PhylumPhilip ClassCame OrderOver FamilyFor GenusGreen SpeciesSoup Organisms can only be members of the same species of they can reproduce w/ each other to produce fertile offspring

20. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online Taxonomic Classification Blue TangYellow Tang Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Perciformes Family Acanthuridae Genus ParacanthurusZebrasoma Species P. hepatusZ. flavescens

21. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online Taxonomic Classification Blue TangPercula Clownfish Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Perciformes Family AcanthuridaePomacentridae Genus ParacanthurusAmphiprion Species P. hepatusA. percula

22. www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online Taxonomic Classification Blue TangGreat White Shark Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class ActinopterygiiChondrichthyes Order PerciformesLamniformes Family AcanthuridaeLamnidae Genus ParacanthurusCarcharodon Species P. hepatusC. carcharias

23. Ex. Human Taxonomy Domain: Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: Eukarya (has a nucleus) Animalia (multicelluar heterotroph) Chordata (have a backbone) Mammalia (have hair, mam. glands) Primates (large brains; intelligent) Hominidae (walk upright on 2 legs) Homo (man) sapiens (wise)

24. Kingdoms and Domains BacteriaArchaeaEukarya BacteriaArchaeaProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia MoneraProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia The three-domain system The six-kingdom system The traditional five-kingdom system BioEd Online (prokaryotes) NO LONGER USED

25. Eubacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell Wall with peptidoglycan Autotrophic (photosynthesis or chemosynthesis) or Heterotrophic Can be beneficial or pathogenic

26. Archaebacteria Discovered in 1983 Scientists took samples from a spot deep in the Pacific Ocean where hot gases and molten rock boiled into the ocean form the Earth’s interior. Prokaryotic cells unicellular Contain adaptations to extreme environments (Lack of oxygen, extreme temps, high acidity) Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Cell wall (NO peptidoglycan)

27. Domain Eukarya contains…. Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

28. Protista Eukaryotic “mis-fits” do not fit the definition of a plant, animal, or fungi. Algae, protozoans, and slime molds Unicellular A few exceptions: Some are multicellular (algae) Some have cell walls, not all

29. Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Cell walls that contain cellulose Autotrophic photosynthesis mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

30. Fungi Eukaryotic Mostly multicellular Exception: yeast is unicellular Heterotrophic Decomposers – break down dead organisms and absorb their food Cell Wall composed of chitin Yeast, mold, mushrooms Not capable of photosynthesis

31. Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular NO cell wall Heterotrophic

32. Interesting Animals!

33. III. Organization of Living Things A. - basic building blocks of matter B. - atoms bonded together C. - basic building block of life D. - similar cells performing similar function (ex. Nervous/Brain) E. - different tissues work together (ex. muscle/nervous tissue make up skin) F. - organs working together (ex. stomach, intestines  digestive sys.) G. Organisms -- unicellular organisms use organelles Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ system

34. H. Groups of Organisms 1. – same species living in a particular place at a particular time 2. – different populations that live in same area & interact 3. – a community of living things & the physical env’t 4. – groups of ecosystems in a large geographic area 5. – all organisms & their supportive env’ts on the planet Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere