2. Cellular Respiration ~ How do cells use energy~

3. Why Energy? Energy is essential to life! All living organisms must be able to: 1.) store energy for future use 2.) produce usable energy 3.) use energy * *Animals are energy consumers – What do we use energy for? synthesis (building for growth) reproduction active transport movement temperature control (making heat) etc.

4. Where do animals initially get energy? Energy is stored in organic molecules – carbohydrates, fats, proteins Animals eat these organic molecules  food – digest food to get fuels for making usable energy (ATP) raw materials for building more molecules (macromolecules) – carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids ATP

5. How do animals get their food? filter feeding living in your food (deposit feeding) fluid feedingbulk feeding

6. Getting & Using Food Ingest – taking in food Digest – mechanical digestion breaking up food into smaller pieces – chemical digestion breaking down food into molecules small enough to be absorbed into cells enzymes – provides chemical energy and building blocks Absorb – absorb nutrients and food molecules across cell membranes diffusion osmosis for water active transport Eliminate – undigested material passes out of body intracellular digestion extracellular digestion

7. Getting & Using Food Digest – chemical digestion – breaking down food into molecules – small enough to be absorbed into cells enzymes – provides chemical energy and building blocks Absorb – absorb nutrients and food molecules (building blocks) across cell membranes diffusion osmosis (for water) active transport So.... What happens next to the building blocks and energy? Our focus: We are interested about the cellular level

8. Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Harvesting energy stored in food Cellular respiration – breaking down food to produce ATP in mitochondria using oxygen – food = glucose but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 ATP6CO 2 6H 2 O  + ++ glucose + oxygen  energy + carbon + water dioxide O2O2 food ATP

9. Making of Usable Energy Remember: All living organisms must be able to: 1.) produce usable energy 2.) store energy for future use 3.) use energy ATP: a molecule that organisms produce that stores usable energy for quick use O2O2 food ATP mitochondria

10. What is ATP Energy? ATP = Adenosine TriPhosphate (energy carrier) – an adenosine molecule with 3 phosphate groups attached – Energy from food (stored chemical energy) is used to create these bonds – When the bond is broken, a great amount of usable energy is released and the molecule becomes ADP (Adenosine DiPhosphate) – RECYCLABLE: The ADP can become ATP again with the addition of a phosphate group with the energy from food

11. What do we need to make ATP energy? The “ Furnace ” for making energy – mitochondria Fuel – food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins Helpers – oxygen – enzymes Products – ATP Waste products – carbon dioxide then used by plants – water O2O2 food ATP Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! enzymes CO 2 H2OH2O

12. Aerobic Cellular Respiration Reaction Reactants --------------> Products O2O2 food ATP enzymes CO 2 H2OH2O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 ATP6CO 2 6H 2 O  + ++ glucose + oxygen  energy + carbon + water dioxide

13. Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells

14. Can ’ t store ATP  too unstable  only used in the cell that produces it  only short term energy storage  carbohydrates (ex. glycogen in muscles) & fats are long term energy storage Using ATP A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second ATP ADP work Adenosine DiPhosphate Adenosine TriPhosphate

15. make energy A Body ’ s Energy Budget eat food use energy energy needed even at rest activity temperature control { growth reproduction repair cellular transport etc.... { store energy glycogen (animal starch) fat { ATP 1 2 3

16. What if oxygen is missing? No oxygen available = can ’ t complete aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration – also known as fermentation alcohol fermentation lactic acid fermentation – no oxygen or no mitochondria (bacteria) – can only make very little ATP – large animals cannot survive O2O2 yeast bacteria

17. Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation – alcohol fermentation yeast – glucose  ATP + CO 2 + alcohol – make beer, wine, bread – lactic acid fermentation bacteria, animals – glucose  ATP + lactic acid – bacteria make yogurt – animals feel muscle fatigue O2O2

18. Common Missed Questions Where does the carbon dioxide we breathe out come from? From glucose being split Do we use the ? CO 2 (the air) gets made into glucose which is then stored as starch and cellulose in the plant Do plants use sunlight in making glucose? No, they use the energy in light to build glucose and other molecules Is sunlight the only light that photosynthesis can use? No, white light (like sunlight) is the best though What color light would not work for photosynthesis? Green, because chlorophyll in the chloroplast would reflect rather than absorb the light energy

19. Photosynthesis ~ How do plants make food~

20. Remember...What’s needed to make ATP? Plants don’t ingest food the way animals do...so how do they make ATP? They need to make their own food (stored chemical energy)! O2O2 food ATP enzymes CO 2 H2OH2O

21. How do plants make energy & food? Plants use the energy from the sun – to make ATP energy – to make sugars glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch, & more sun ATP sugars

22. H2OH2O Parts of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis – 2 separate processes – 1.) ENERGY building reactions collect sun energy use it to make some ATP – 2.) SUGAR building reactions take the ATP energy made collect CO 2 from air & H 2 O from ground use all to build sugars ATP sun sugars + carbon dioxide CO 2 sugars C 6 H 12 O 6 CO 2 water H 2 O +

23. What do plants need for photosynthesis? The “ factory ” for making energy & sugars – chloroplast Fuels (reactants) – sunlight – carbon dioxide – water The Helpers – enzymes H2OH2O sugars ATP Make ATP! Make sugar! I can do it all… And no one even notices! enzymes CO 2 sun

24. Photosynthesis Reaction 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 sun energy  +++  glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide sun energy + water + (ATP) = used to build the sugar

25. H2OH2O Photosynthesis ENERGY building reactions SUGAR building reactions ATP ADP CO 2 sugar sun used immediately to synthesize sugars

26. Chloroplasts are only in plants animal cells plant cells

27. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts in cell Leaf Leaves Chloroplast absorb sunlight & CO 2 make ENERGY & SUGAR Chloroplasts contain: Chlorophyll: Which absorbs the energy from light CO 2 Chloroplast sun

28. Bring In – light – CO 2 –H2O–H2O Let Out –O2–O2 Move Around – sugars Plants use the sugar made in photosynthesis as the building block to make bigger carbohydrates and fats. With the addition of the minerals from the soil they are able to make proteins. So what does a plant need? 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy  +++ roots shoot leaves

29. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected? glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 OATP  +++ Respiration Photosynthesis 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy  +++  glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide sun energy + water +

30. H2OH2O Energy cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration sun glucose sugars O2O2 CO 2 plants animals, plants ATP

31. The poetic perspective All of the solid material of every plant was built out of thin air All of the solid material of every animal was built from plant material Then all the cats, dogs, mice, people & elephants… are really strands of air woven together by sunlight! sun air

32. Cellular Respiration vs Photosynthesis

33. Common Missed Questions Where does oxygen we breathe come from? From water split in plants by the light Where does the mass of a plant come from? CO 2 (the air) gets made into glucose which is then stored as starch and cellulose in the plant Do plants obtain their energy for doing their activities (growth, reproduction, etc) from the sun? No, they use the energy in light to build glucose and other molecules that they use for cellular respiration Is sunlight the only light that photosynthesis can use? No, white light (like sunlight) is the best though What color light would not work for photosynthesis? Green, because chlorophyll in the chloroplast would reflect rather than absorb the light energy