2. 12.3 DNA, RNA and PROTEIN  WHAT YOU WILL LEARN -3 types of RNA -transcription/translation -role of RNA polymerase in making mRNA

3.  MAIN IDEA DNA codes for RNA which guides protein synthesis.

4. READING Q’s 1-DESCRIBE the CENTRAL DOGMA of BIOLOGY -established belief of living things -transcription – translation – MAKING proteins

5. READING Q’s 2-LIST the 3 types of RNA -mRNA = messenger RNA -rRNA = ribosomal RNA -tRNA = transfer RNA

6. READING Q’s 3-LOCATE where in the cell proteins are made -ribosomes/cytoplasm

7. READING Q’s 4-IDENTIFY how many amino acids used to make proteins -20 different amino acids

8. READING Q’s 5-IDENTIFY the 2 main steps in making proteins 1-transcription 2-translation

9. READING Q’s 6-COMPLETE where each process occurs -TRANSCRIPTION takes place in NUCLEUS -TRANSLATION takes place in RIBOSOMES/cytoplasm

10. READING Q’s 7-APPLY: amino acid chain: AUG-CCC-GGA-UUA-UAG -AUG methionine-START -CCC proline -GGA glycerine -UUA leucine -UAG STOP

11. GROUP WORK: CORNELL NOTES -As a cooperative group: -complete the cornell notes -using your knowledge from the reading

12. 2007-2008 12.3 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cornell notes

13. TERMS TO REVIEW protein -building blocks for all living things amino acids -building blocks of proteins ribosome -organelle manufactures protein

14.  MAIN IDEA CENTRAL DOGMA— established BELIEF of living things -TRANSCRIPTION-DNA codes for RNA -TRANSLATION--RNA guides protein synthesis

15.  MAIN IDEA TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION/TRANSLATION http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature= player_embedded&v=NJxobgkPEAo

16.  RNA RNA-NUCLEIC ACID similar to DNA -ribonucleic acid -sugar--RIBOSE -guides protein synthesis -found in nucleus & cytoplasm -single stranded/different shapes -URACIL replaces thymine A=U / C=G

17.  RNA -RNA, like DNA is made of small units called… Made up of: -sugar (ribose) -phosphate group -N-bases cytosine=guanine / adenine=uracil NUCLEOTIDES

18.  RNA

19. 3 MAIN types of RNA mRNA-messenger RNA rRNA-ribosomal RNA tRNA-transfer RNA

20.  mRNA mRNA—messenger RNA -nucleus  cytoplasm -copies DNA code -single strand

21.  rRNA rRNA—ribosomal RNA -cytoplasm -forms ribosomes -ribbon shaped

22.  tRNA tRNA—transfer RNA -ribosomes / cytoplasm -determines amino acids by anticodon/codon -cloverleaf shape

23.  TRANSCRIPTION 1-RNA polymerase “unzips” DNA 2- 3’  5’ DNA strand acts as template

24.  TRANSCRIPTION 3-mRNA made using DNA template strand by RNA polymerase 4-mRNA copying stops when reaches TERMINATION 5-mRNA leaves nucleus  moves into cytoplasm 6-mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

25.  TRANSCRIPTION TEMPLATE vs NON-TEMPLATE ONLY 3’-5’ strand serves as template

26.  TRANSCRIPTION Transcribe this DNA to mRNA 3’ GTACTACATGCTATGCAT 5’ 5’ CAUGAUGUACGAUACGUA 3’ Transcribe mRNA

27.  TRANSCRIPTION http://www- class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/anima tion/gene/gene_a2.html http://www- class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/anima tion/gene/gene_a2.html http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/teachi ng/genetics/animations/transcription.htm http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/teachi ng/genetics/animations/transcription.htm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFVH9SqtJ CM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFVH9SqtJ CM

28.  THE CODE INSTRUCTIONS on mRNA for PROTEIN synthesis 20 different amino acids make proteins -each 3 base code - specific for 1 amino acid CODON—3 base code on mRNA *START codon—AUG-methionine *STOP codons—UAA, UAG, UGA

29.  THE CODE

30.  TRANSLATION CODE is read -- TRANSLATED to make a PROTEIN

31.  TRANSLATION tRNA: 1-folds into cloverleaf shape -middle of tRNA has 3 base coding sequence— ANTICODON *each ANTICODON is complementary to CODON on mRNA

32.  TRANSLATION tRNA: 2-READING starts at AUG

33.  TRANSLATION tRNA: 3-ANTICODON reads mRNA CODON 4-adds amino acids as move through ribosome *3 base code –CODON– determines which AMINO ACID is added to protein chain

34.  TRANSLATION 5-terminates when reach a STOP codon UAA UAG UGA

35.  PROTEIN Proteins are polymers made of amino acids 20 different amino acids --hundreds of thousands of different proteins

36.  PROTEIN PROTEIN STRUCTURE

37.  TRANSCRIPTION/TRANSLATION

38. FLOW CART: transcription / translation DNA TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION -------------------------- NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM mRNA PROTEIN copier blueprints

39. 2007-2008 FLOW CHART  TRANSCRIPTION/TRANSLATION http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=NJxobgkPEAo From RNA to Protein Synthesis - YouTube NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM RIBOSOME DNA mRNA rRNA tRNA RNA polymerase Amino Acid Polypeptide chain [PROTEIN] TRANSLATION TRANSCRIPTION

40. FLOW CART TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION ---------------------------------------------------------- NUCLEUSCYTOPLASM RNA polymerase mRNA [code] tRNA [interpret] polypeptide chain / PROTEIN rRNA a.a

41.  TRANSCRIPTION/TRANSLATION

42.  TRANSCRIPTION  PRACTICE TRANSCRIPTION: -Write complementary N-bases for mRNA using DNA strand below— REMEMBER—use U now instead of T parental 3’-5’DNA strand mRNA RNA polymerase G G G G G T A T T T A A A C C C C A C C U G A A

43. REVIEW 1-Where in the cell does transcription occur? -nucleus  cytoplasm 2-What nucleic acids are involved in the process of transcription? -DNA & RNA 3-What is the importance of transcription? -copies code from DNA-takes to cytoplasm 4-In transcription, why is the entire DNA molecule not copied into mRNA? -only small segments used to make a protein

44.  TRANSLATION PRACTICE TRANSLATION: -Use mRNA **CODON sequence to determine tRNA *ANTICODON sequence -Place comp N-bases on each of the 3 marks pointed at the CODONS of mRNA -Use the CODE WHEEL to identify amino acids attached to the tRNA (REMEMBER—this is RNA - use U instead of T when matching up with A) mRNA AUG CCC AAC CGC UUA UCA GGU AUA UAG  CODONS tRNAUAC GGG  ANTICODONS amino acids: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ polypeptide: beginning of protein aa = amino acids -METH -PROL -ASP -ARG -LEU -SER -GLY -ISO -STOP UUG GCG AAU AGU CCA UAU AUC

45.  DNA vs RNA DNA -deoxyribose -stores genetic information -double stranded -long -in nucleus only -double helix shape -T: thymine RNA -ribose -guides protein synthesis -single stranded -short -nucleus/cytoplasm -different shapes -U: uracil -nucleic acids -contain genetic info -nucleotides -sugar/phosph backbones -H bonds -templates -N-bases C/G/A

46.  COOKIE ANALAGY MAKING PROTEINBAKING COOKIES NUCLEUSLIBRARY w/ COOKBOOKS COOKIE RECIPE mRNA TRANSCRIPTION COPIED RECIPE RIBOSOMES in cytoplasm THE CHEF— reads recipe/mixes ingredients INGREDIENTS: flour, sugar, butter, choc chips,… PROTEINS DNA copying recipe KITCHEN-oven tRNA (codons-anticodons) AMINO ACIDS COOKIES mRNA

49.  TRANSLATION TRANSLATION animations http://www- class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/ gene/gene_a3.html http://www- class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/ gene/gene_a3.html http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanima t/molgenetics/translation.swf http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanima t/molgenetics/translation.swf

50. DO NOW TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION mRNA CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS

52. Pg. 339

53. Do Now