1. Evolution Environmental Biology

2. Who was Charles Darwin? Father of evolution Father of evolution Went to the Galapagos Islands in South America Went to the Galapagos Islands in South America Wrote On the Origins of Species when he came back Wrote On the Origins of Species when he came back Went against religious beliefs Went against religious beliefs Suffered from making findings Suffered from making findings 25 years later, people honored and believed his works and theories 25 years later, people honored and believed his works and theories

3. Who was Charles Lyell? American geologist American geologist Studied how the Earth changes over the years Ex: mountains, river, etc

4. Who was Thomas Malthus? Sociologist, scientist and politician Sociologist, scientist and politician Observed why weren’t available resources used up? Observed why weren’t available resources used up? Disease, starvation, and natural disasters, all wiped out a large chunk of the population Disease, starvation, and natural disasters, all wiped out a large chunk of the population He wanted to know why some people lived and some died He wanted to know why some people lived and some died He believed in survival of the fittest! He believed in survival of the fittest! Wealthy white males were the “fittest”

5. Who was Alfred Wallace? British man, did his research many years after Darwin British man, did his research many years after Darwin Studied in South America and Asia Studied in South America and Asia 1858 – send Darwin a manuscript and they both had the same conclusion 1858 – send Darwin a manuscript and they both had the same conclusion Darwin contacted Wallace Darwin contacted Wallace They published articles separately and together

6. What were Darwin’s Two Main Points? If non-living things changed over time, why cant living things change too? If non-living things changed over time, why cant living things change too? 1.Descent with Modification – due to the build of mutations over million of years, new organisms form New species evolved 2.Natural Selection - nature chooses the more desirable traits to pass to their offspring (beneficial mutations)

7. What is a fossil? The remains of a previously existing creature from many years ago The remains of a previously existing creature from many years ago

8. What is a fossil record? Time line of when organisms existed in relation to other organisms Time line of when organisms existed in relation to other organisms 2 ways to determine how old something is: 1.Relative dating – “this is older/younger than that” based on position without a timeframe 2.Absolute dating/carbon dating – directs to a specific time period more than relative dating does Half life – the amount of time it takes for half an element to break down and disappear Ex: carbon’s half life is 5730

9. What does extinct mean? When the last of the species dies and the living things in non existent When the last of the species dies and the living things in non existent

10. What are Homologous Structures? Look the same but do different things Look the same but do different things Ex: cat’s front and human’s hand Ex: cat’s front and human’s hand This suggests a common ancestor branching off to different species This suggests a common ancestor branching off to different species

11. What are Analogous Structures Look different but do the same thing (opposite of homologous pairs) Look different but do the same thing (opposite of homologous pairs) Ex: birds, butterflies, and bats all have wings but don’t look alike Ex: birds, butterflies, and bats all have wings but don’t look alike This does not a common ancestor but have a similar path This does not a common ancestor but have a similar path

12. What is Vestigial Structures? Structure in the body that has been used once in the past but is no longer being used in current time Structure in the body that has been used once in the past but is no longer being used in current time Ex: appendix, eye brows and tail bone in humans Ex: appendix, eye brows and tail bone in humans

13. What is variation? The differences within 1 type in natural or excepted differences The differences within 1 type in natural or excepted differences Ex: size and height Ex: size and height

14. What is Natural vs. Artificial Selection? Nature selects more desirable vs. selection in organisms to help or not help living things Nature selects more desirable vs. selection in organisms to help or not help living things Ex: Teacup poodles Ex: Teacup poodles Bulldogs born by C- section

15. What are Pesticides and Antibiotics? Natural selection in action Natural selection in action Overuse in antibiotics will cause medications to stop working Overuse in antibiotics will cause medications to stop working Organisms that adapt them are called natural variation Bacteria changes when in different environments and has natural variation Pesticides are similar to bacteria Farmers put them on their crops – some bugs live and some will die

16. What are speciation? Decent with medication – when new species from because of mutations Decent with medication – when new species from because of mutations

17. What is geographic isolation? A weakness to evolve or be created A weakness to evolve or be created Setting makes it harder to produce offspring Setting makes it harder to produce offspring Can be a form of reproductive isolation Can be a form of reproductive isolation

18. What is reproductive isolation? Two individuals not having a similar reproductive cycle Two individuals not having a similar reproductive cycle Able to breed but decide not to Able to breed but decide not to Ex: skunks Ex: skunks

19. What is a genetic drift? The undertaking or alteration in genes from each generation The undertaking or alteration in genes from each generation Ex: Swedish people mainly have blue eyes Ex: Swedish people mainly have blue eyes If a brown eye was added to the population, the eye colors would shift If a brown eye was added to the population, the eye colors would shift

20. What is a bottleneck? When a disease or natural disaster happens When a disease or natural disaster happens Usually wipes out a large amount of the population Makes a smaller gene pool Genes are lost forever Ex: Beads in a bottle – stuck at the bottom

21. What is the founder effect? The people that are give will be the only ones to give genes to their future offspring The people that are give will be the only ones to give genes to their future offspring

22. What is adaptive radiation? Life will always be found even in the most extreme areas Life will always be found even in the most extreme areas If something can live, something will live If something can live, something will live Ex: Hawaii/ albatross bird Ex: Hawaii/ albatross bird Nature wants to fill – hates a vacuum Nature wants to fill – hates a vacuum

23. What is a cost- benefit analysis? Measuring pros and cons to figure out the next step in action Measuring pros and cons to figure out the next step in action Ex: Going to a party – getting grounded or being popular? Ex: Going to a party – getting grounded or being popular?

24. What is a gene pool? All of the genes in the entire population All of the genes in the entire population

25. What is gradualism? Gradually, mutations and changes will happen and organisms will evolve at a slow pace Gradually, mutations and changes will happen and organisms will evolve at a slow pace

26. What is punctuated equilibrium? The theory that organisms stay the same for a long time, then changes for a short about of time due to the environment The theory that organisms stay the same for a long time, then changes for a short about of time due to the environment Organisms quickly change and then remain the same for a long time (repeats the process) Organisms quickly change and then remain the same for a long time (repeats the process) Ends when gradualism is reached Ends when gradualism is reached

27. What is co- evolution? Many species that evolve together – change over time Many species that evolve together – change over time Ex: Hummingbird and flower makes nectar – the longer the flower gets the longer the beak gets Ex: Hummingbird and flower makes nectar – the longer the flower gets the longer the beak gets

28. What is parallel evolution? Organisms the evolve on a pathway that is parallel but don’t have to have a common ancestor Organisms the evolve on a pathway that is parallel but don’t have to have a common ancestor Ex: Fish and whale – similar body that is able to move through water but they aren’t related (evolved in a similar way) Ex: Fish and whale – similar body that is able to move through water but they aren’t related (evolved in a similar way)

29. What is divergent evolution? Organisms that have a similar ancestor and evolve together at a certain point Organisms that have a similar ancestor and evolve together at a certain point They branch and develop Split in different directions

30. What is convergent evolution? Very similar to parallel evolution Very similar to parallel evolution Organisms develop on separate paths Organisms develop on separate paths Through mutations now have a common ancestor Converged

31. What were the first organisms on Earth? They were anaerobic – didn't’t need oxygen They were anaerobic – didn't’t need oxygen Able to make their own food – autotrophs Able to make their own food – autotrophs Gave off oxygen for millions of years Gave off oxygen for millions of years They became more complex, Multicellular, and then were able to breath oxygen They became more complex, Multicellular, and then were able to breath oxygen

32. What is the Endosymbiotic theory? Hypothesis Hypothesis Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living They combined with a simple cell and were helped from the relationship They combined with a simple cell and were helped from the relationship Mutualistic relationship over time became dependent Mutualistic relationship over time became dependent Able to use each other to survive

33. Who was Miller and Urey? Theory of life Theory of life Miller’s flask Made experiments and concluded that the surroundings in the atmosphere, it was likely to create “the building blocks of live” Made experiments and concluded that the surroundings in the atmosphere, it was likely to create “the building blocks of live” Primordial soup