1. GENETICS

2. What are proteins made of? Amino Acids
Where are proteins made? Ribosome
Where are chromosomes located? Nucleus
What is the function of Chromosomes? Controls heredity

3. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Proteins- make up our cells (transplants fail – immune systems attack)
Protein synthesis – make proteins
Chromosomes – contain information for how to put proteins together
1. protein & nucleic acid (DNA)
Nucleic Acid:
1. 5 carbon sugar
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogen containing base

4. A. DNA – deoxyribo nucleic acid
shape – double helix-twisted ladder
a. Sugar + phosphates alternate make up sides
b. Base – rungs of ladder
Double Helix discovered by Watson and Crick

5. Nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + base
Building Blocks – nucleotide (sugar, phosphate & base)

6. Four different bases
1. Purines – double ring structure
adenine, guanine
2. Pyrimidines – single ring structure
thymine , cytosine
Bonding patter for bases:
A – T
C - G

7. Replication – when DNA makes an exact copy of itself Must occur every time the cell divides
Why? To ensure cells have a compelte set of DNA
Protein synthesis – controls making protein in nucleus
- ribosome – site of protein synthesis
- DNA has code (instructions) for how to make protein in the nucleus
_ RNA – ribonucleic acid

8. Protein Synthesis RNA Sugar – ribose Shape – single helix Base: uracil
adeninine
cytosine
guanine
A-U
C- G
DNA
Deoxyribose
Double helix
Base: thymine
adenine
cytosine
guanine
A-T
C-G

9. Three types of RNA
mRNA – messenger RNA carry the message code where proteins are made (genetic info.)
Transcription:
- tRNA – transfer RNA carries amino acids in the cytoplasm to the ribosome (translation)
- rRNA – ribosomal RNA helps put together the amino acids to form a protein

11. II. What is RNA and how is it different from DNA?
Two big differences between DNA and RNA:
1. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; in RNA it is ribose
2. The nitrogenous base uracil (U) is used in RNA in place of T (they are very similar bases; in RNA U= A just like T = A.)

12. tRNA – anti- codon
Protein Synthesis
Transcription – process of transferring the information from DNA to mRNA
Translation – process of amino acids bonding together to form