1. Reform Movements of the Early 19 th Century

2. The Reforming Spirit The men and women who led the reform movements of the 1800s wanted to extend the nation’s ideals of liberty and equality to all Americans. They believed the nation should live up to the noble goals stated in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution.

3. Temperance Movement Social movement aimed at restricting and eventually banning alcohol. Social movement aimed at restricting and eventually banning alcohol.

4. Temperance Movement Men who drank often neglected their families Men who drank often neglected their families Many bars and saloons, high rate of alcoholism, especially along the frontier and in large Eastern cities Many bars and saloons, high rate of alcoholism, especially along the frontier and in large Eastern cities 1833: American Temperance Union created 1833: American Temperance Union created 1851: Maine banned sale of alcohol; by 1855 12 other states had done so as well 1851: Maine banned sale of alcohol; by 1855 12 other states had done so as well

5. Per Capita Consumption of Alcohol, 1800 – 1860

6. Educational reform Public schools began to open to create an educated population of voters Public schools began to open to create an educated population of voters Teacher’s began to be specially trained and their salaries increased Teacher’s began to be specially trained and their salaries increased More schools opened More schools opened High schools began to become more common High schools began to become more common School years were lengthened to six months, curriculum was improved School years were lengthened to six months, curriculum was improved

7. Horace Mann 1796 – 1859 1796 – 1859 President of the Massachusetts Senate President of the Massachusetts Senate Stepped down to head the new Massachusetts School Board for 12 years Stepped down to head the new Massachusetts School Board for 12 years

8. Horace Mann An influential American educator who advocated An influential American educator who advocated education reform. He wanted both men and women to have access to public He wanted both men and women to have access to public education and believed that education was essential to the success of democracy. He helped to create the state He helped to create the state Board of Education in Massachusetts and tax supported schools.

9. Changes in Education By the 1850’s most states accepted 3 basic principles: By the 1850’s most states accepted 3 basic principles: Schools should be free and supported by taxes. Schools should be free and supported by taxes. Teachers should be trained. Teachers should be trained. Students should be required to attend. Students should be required to attend.

10. Prison reform Inmates were not separated by offense and prisons included the violent & mentally ill Inmates were not separated by offense and prisons included the violent & mentally ill Idea of rehabilitation rather than punishment began to take hold Idea of rehabilitation rather than punishment began to take hold States began to build modern prisons (penitentiaries) to house long-term prisoners States began to build modern prisons (penitentiaries) to house long-term prisoners

11. Mental health reform Mentally ill received no treatment, kept in prisons with common criminals where they received not even the most basic of medical care and were often tortured Mentally ill received no treatment, kept in prisons with common criminals where they received not even the most basic of medical care and were often tortured The field of “mental health” didn’t exist yet The field of “mental health” didn’t exist yet

12. Dorothea Dix 1802 – 1887 1802 – 1887 Former teacher who took up the plight of the mentally ill Former teacher who took up the plight of the mentally ill She devoted her life to improving living conditions for the mentally ill. She devoted her life to improving living conditions for the mentally ill. Traveled and wrote articles to expose the abuses suffered by the mentally ill Traveled and wrote articles to expose the abuses suffered by the mentally ill

13. Dorothea Dix In 1824 she began visiting poorhouses and jails where the insane were housed in order to record the conditions under which they lived. In 1824 she began visiting poorhouses and jails where the insane were housed in order to record the conditions under which they lived. Dix's reports were disturbing and graphic, compelling many state legislatures to build psychiatric hospitals where the mentally ill received better treatment. Dix's reports were disturbing and graphic, compelling many state legislatures to build psychiatric hospitals where the mentally ill received better treatment. Dorothea Dix Hospital in Raleigh was named after her in 1856 Dorothea Dix Hospital in Raleigh was named after her in 1856

14. Labor Reform First labor unions began to form – pushed for higher wages, shorter workdays First labor unions began to form – pushed for higher wages, shorter workdays Early unions had little success – ignored by employers, not supported by the government who saw them as a threat to American industry Early unions had little success – ignored by employers, not supported by the government who saw them as a threat to American industry

15. Abolitionist Movement Movement to end slavery in the United States Movement to end slavery in the United States Took on several different forms Took on several different forms Championed primarily by Northerners and women Championed primarily by Northerners and women Opposed slavery on moral grounds Opposed slavery on moral grounds

16. Growth of slavery

18. Gradualism Earliest form of abolitionism called for the gradual freeing of the slaves – stop importing new slaves, then phase out slavery over time Earliest form of abolitionism called for the gradual freeing of the slaves – stop importing new slaves, then phase out slavery over time Slave owners would be compensated for their lost property Slave owners would be compensated for their lost property South would have time to adjust its economy South would have time to adjust its economy

19. The Abolitionists Reformers realized that the gradual approach to ending slavery had failed. Reformers realized that the gradual approach to ending slavery had failed. By the early 1800’s, a growing number of American’s had begun to demand an immediate end to slavery in the South. By the early 1800’s, a growing number of American’s had begun to demand an immediate end to slavery in the South.

20. American Colonization Society 1816 1816 Called for freeing the slaves but then sending them back to Africa Called for freeing the slaves but then sending them back to Africa Helped establish country of Liberia in East Africa as a home for repatriated slaves Helped establish country of Liberia in East Africa as a home for repatriated slaves Too many slaves to be effective, too expensive to transport millions Too many slaves to be effective, too expensive to transport millions Most slaves at this point had never seen Africa and didn’t want to go Most slaves at this point had never seen Africa and didn’t want to go

21. The Radicals (Extremists) William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison Operated the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator The Grimke Sisters The Grimke Sisters Among the first women to speak out against slavery Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass Former slave Edited the antislavery newspaper, The North Star Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth Dedicated her life to abolition and women’s rights The Grimke Sisters Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison

22. 1805 – 1879 1805 – 1879 Editor of the Liberator – an abolitionist newspaper in Boston Editor of the Liberator – an abolitionist newspaper in Boston Demanded immediate emancipation of the slaves rather than any kind of gradual end to slavery Demanded immediate emancipation of the slaves rather than any kind of gradual end to slavery Founded American Antislavery Society in 1833 – by 1838 the AAS had over 250,000 members Founded American Antislavery Society in 1833 – by 1838 the AAS had over 250,000 members

23. Sarah & Angelina Grimké Sarah: 1792 – 1873 Sarah: 1792 – 1873 Angelina: 1805 – 79 Angelina: 1805 – 79 Grew up on plantation in South Carolina but became avid abolitionists Grew up on plantation in South Carolina but became avid abolitionists Wrote and gave speeches on the realities of slavery Wrote and gave speeches on the realities of slavery

24. Frederick Douglass 1818 – 1895 1818 – 1895 Born a slave, but escaped at age 20 Born a slave, but escaped at age 20 Became a speaker and writer – his autobiography was a bestseller Became a speaker and writer – his autobiography was a bestseller Convinced many whites that Africans were intelligent and capable of learning (many in the South had made claims that Africans were not) Convinced many whites that Africans were intelligent and capable of learning (many in the South had made claims that Africans were not) Published an abolitionist newspaper called The North Star Published an abolitionist newspaper called The North Star

25. Sojourner Truth 1797 – 1883 1797 – 1883 Born a slave in NY, gained her freedom when NY emancipated all slaves in 1827 Born a slave in NY, gained her freedom when NY emancipated all slaves in 1827 Became a famous abolitionist speaker, especially after her “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech in 1851 Became a famous abolitionist speaker, especially after her “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech in 1851

26. Harriet Beecher Stowe 1811 – 1896 1811 – 1896 Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel which exposed conditions under which slaves lived in the South Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel which exposed conditions under which slaves lived in the South Made real to many Northerners how brutal the slave system could really be Made real to many Northerners how brutal the slave system could really be

27. The Underground Railroad The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required all citizens to help catch runaways. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required all citizens to help catch runaways. More people in the North were convinced of the evils of slavery. More people in the North were convinced of the evils of slavery. Abolitionists established a network of routes and risked their lives to help African Americans escape slavery. Abolitionists established a network of routes and risked their lives to help African Americans escape slavery.

28. Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman, a former slave, was known as “Moses” for her efforts of leading slaves to freedom along the Underground Railroad. Harriet Tubman, a former slave, was known as “Moses” for her efforts of leading slaves to freedom along the Underground Railroad.

29. Underground Railroad Underground Railroad Underground Railroad

30. Underground Railroad John Parker House – Ripley, OH

31. Reaction to Abolition Movement Obviously, most people in the South opposed the abolition movement Obviously, most people in the South opposed the abolition movement Many in North feared the divisiveness that the movement would cause between North and South; they would rather maintain the status quo and avoid conflict Many in North feared the divisiveness that the movement would cause between North and South; they would rather maintain the status quo and avoid conflict Some in North feared that freed slaves would all move North, flooding the job market and driving down wages Some in North feared that freed slaves would all move North, flooding the job market and driving down wages Others feared that if the South’s economy collapsed, it would send the entire nation into a massive economic depression Others feared that if the South’s economy collapsed, it would send the entire nation into a massive economic depression

32. Women’s Rights Movement Many women believed they should have the same rights as men, and they organized to gain these rights. Many women believed they should have the same rights as men, and they organized to gain these rights. Much of the Women’s Movement came from women who while fighting to end slavery began to recognize their own bondage. Much of the Women’s Movement came from women who while fighting to end slavery began to recognize their own bondage. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

33. Women’s Rights Movement Women’s traditional roles in the North began to change as fewer families worked on farms Women’s traditional roles in the North began to change as fewer families worked on farms As women began to take on more social roles and become active in reform movements, they began to demand more political rights As women began to take on more social roles and become active in reform movements, they began to demand more political rights

34. Early 19 th Century Women Unable to vote Unable to vote Legal status of a minor Legal status of a minor Single  could own her property Single  could own her property Married  no control over her property or children Married  no control over her property or children Could not initiate divorce Could not initiate divorce Could not make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court w/o her husband’s permission Could not make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court w/o her husband’s permission

35. Lucretia Mott 1793 – 1880 1793 – 1880 First American “feminist” to push for women to gain access to a voice in politics First American “feminist” to push for women to gain access to a voice in politics Like many women, began her social activism with the abolitionist movement Like many women, began her social activism with the abolitionist movement

36. Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1815 – 1902 1815 – 1902 Argued for women’s suffrage, right to divorce, own property, and access to birth control Argued for women’s suffrage, right to divorce, own property, and access to birth control Also strongly supported the abolitionist and temperance movements Also strongly supported the abolitionist and temperance movements

37. Susan B. Anthony 1820 – 1906 1820 – 1906 Traveled Europe and the US giving 75 – 100 speeches each year for over 40 years Traveled Europe and the US giving 75 – 100 speeches each year for over 40 years Also a force in the abolitionist and temperance movements Also a force in the abolitionist and temperance movements Arrested in 1872 for illegally voting the presidential election Arrested in 1872 for illegally voting the presidential election

38. Seneca Falls Conference 1848, Seneca Falls. NY 1848, Seneca Falls. NY Organized by Mott and Stanton Organized by Mott and Stanton Issued the “Declarations of Sentiments and Resolutions” which added “and women” to the Declaration of Independence’s “all men are created equal” Issued the “Declarations of Sentiments and Resolutions” which added “and women” to the Declaration of Independence’s “all men are created equal” Began the call for suffrage for women Began the call for suffrage for women

39. Second Great Awakening Renewal of religious faith in the 1790s and 1800s; spread of revivals and an awakening of spiritual reform. Renewal of religious faith in the 1790s and 1800s; spread of revivals and an awakening of spiritual reform. It highlighted growing social and regional differences. It highlighted growing social and regional differences.

40. Transcendentalism An American literary, political, and philosophical movement in the early 19 th century. They were critics of their contemporary society for its unthinking conformity and urged each individual to find their independent relation to the universe (focused on solitude in nature) An American literary, political, and philosophical movement in the early 19 th century. They were critics of their contemporary society for its unthinking conformity and urged each individual to find their independent relation to the universe (focused on solitude in nature) Authors: Authors: Emily Dickinson - Poet Walt Whitman – Poet, Leaves of Grass Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter Edgar Allan Poe – known for tales of mystery James Fenimore Cooper – The Last of the Mohicans Herman Melville – Moby Dick

41. Hudson River School Artists The paintings depict the American Landscape and reflect three themes of America in the 19 th Century: discovery, exploration and settlement The paintings depict the American Landscape and reflect three themes of America in the 19 th Century: discovery, exploration and settlement