1. Chapter 9 The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300–1453) Chapter 9 The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300–1453) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

3.  Precursor: overpopulation & malnutrition  Agricultural improvements increase food supply; European population doubles, 1000–1300, thereafter outstripping food production  1315–1317: crop failures produce worst famine of Middle Ages  Bubonic plague (“Black Death”) followed trade routes from Asia into Europe, probably via fleas on rats from Black Sea area  Popular remedies: relevant medical knowledge absent  Aromatic amulets  Temperance & moderation  Promiscuity & abandon  Flight & seclusion  Self-flagellation Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

5.  Economic consequences:  Dramatic labor shortage, climbing wages for laborers & artisans  Falling agricultural, climbing luxury prices—noble landowners hardest hit  Attempts to freeze wages & force peasants to stay on land  peasant revolts  Cities (artisans) benefit from demand for luxury goods  Political/social consequences:  Artisan guilds win some political power  Kings take advantage of weakened nobility & church Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

9.  Each of you should read your answer clearly to the other  Ask yourselves was your answer complete? Was theirs?  Were there any differences in your answer?  Would you change anything after looking at the information again?

10.  Nominal cause: English king Edward III’s claim on French throne, thwarted by accession of first Valois king, Philip VI (r. 1328–1350)  Larger cause: English-French territorial, commercial, & cultural rivalry  French weakness: larger & wealthier, but more internal discord Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

12.  First phase (under Edward III)  Flanders allies with England, recognizing Edward as king of France, 1340  English seize Calais, 1346  English rout near Poitiers, 1356; French king John II taken captive  1360 treaty: John II ransomed, English claims in France recognized, Edward renounces claim to French throne  Second phase (Treaty of Troyes)  English war effort flags due to peasant revolts  Recommences with English victory at Agincourt, 1415  Duchy of Burgundy joins English  Treaty of Troyes, 1420: named English Henry V successor to French Charles VI, but both soon die Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

14.  Third phase (Joan of Arc)  French teenage peasant Joan of Arc declares call from God to deliver besieged Orléans from English  Tired English repulsed, followed by string of French victories  Joan captured 1430, tried & burned as heretic at English- held Rouen  English forced back, conclude war with Calais as only French possession (1453)  Summary: 68 years of peace, 44 of war; France devastated, but national feeling awakened; English & French peasants suffer most from taxes & services Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

15.  Each of you should read your answer clearly to the other  Ask yourselves was your answer complete? Was theirs?  Were there any differences in your answer?  Would you change anything after looking at the information again?

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

17.  Papal monarchy established by Pope Innocent III strengthened the church politically, but weakened it spiritually—undermined popular support  Innocent’s successors: tightened & centralized church legal proceedings; elaborated clerical taxation; broadened papal powers of appointment  Demise of Hohenstaufens took away galvanizing enemy of church, made it vulnerable Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

18.  French & English kings raise taxes on clergy; Boniface decrees new taxes need papal consent  French king Philip the Fair cuts off flow of money to Rome; Boniface concedes  Boniface issues Unam Sanctam (1302), as confrontation with Philip ramps up, asserting subordination of temporal to spiritual power  French army assault & molest Boniface, who later dies  Result: popes never again seriously threaten European rulers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

21.  Each of you should read your answer clearly to the other  Ask yourselves was your answer complete? Was theirs?  Were there any differences in your answer?  Would you change anything after looking at the information again?

22.  Pope Clement V moves papal court here to escape strife of Rome  To get needed revenue, papal taxes go up, and sale of indulgences begins  Pope John XXII (r. 1316–1334)—most powerful Avignon pope Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

23.  Lollards: followers of Wycliffe, English spokesman for rights of royalty against popes; challenged indulgences, papal infallibility, transubstantiation—anticipates Protestantism  Hussites: followers of Huss, rector of University of Prague—similar to Lollards Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

26.  Urban VI and Clement VII—rival popes; England & allies support Urban, France & allies support Clement  Conciliar Theory: idea that a representative council could regulate actions of pope  Council of Pisa (1409–1410): deposed Urban & Clement (who refused to step down), elected Alexander V—three contending popes  Council of Constance (1414–1417): provided for regular councils every few years  Council of Basel (1431–1449): height of conciliar government of church; negotiated directly with heretics (Hussites)  Results of conciliar movement: greater religious responsibility to laity & secular governments Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

27.  Each of you should read your answer clearly to the other  Ask yourselves was your answer complete? Was theirs?  Were there any differences in your answer?  Would you change anything after looking at the information again?

28.  Mongols, or Tatars, sweep through China, Islamic world, & Russia, 13th c.  Ghengis Khan (1155–1227) invades Russia, 1223  Russian cities become tribute-paying principalities of part of Mongol Empire known as the Golden Horde  Russians impressed into Mongol military service, women taken as wives/concubines, some sold into slavery  Partial Islamization of Russian society  1380: beginning of Mongol decline in Russia; ends 1480 under Ivan the Great Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.